Cet additif colorant est extrait de la betterave rouge (Beta vulgaris) qui doit son principe colorant à la bétanine. Bien que ses extraits contiennent du sucre, des sels et des protéines ainsi que d’autres substances végétales communes à la betterave, E162 peut en être dépourvu.
La bétanine est le colorant majoritaire du jus de betterave (de 75 à 95 %), on en trouve aussi dans le figuier de barbarie.
Les nitrates (NO3–) résultent de l’oxydation de l’azote, ils sont produits dans la nature quand les matières végétales et animales se décomposent, entre autres sources. Mais l’homme est un facteur de surabondance de nitrates, par le biais d’engrais azotés notamment. Des nitrates peuvent être trouvés en abondance dans les eaux (souterraines) et certains légumes comme les légumes à feuilles vertes, les épinards, les betteraves et les laitues, toutefois la qualité des sols et les engrais utilisés comptent plus que les variétés des légumes.
Autres noms
Francais | Anglais |
Rouge de betterave | Beetroot red |
EINECS 231-628-5 (code UE) | Betanidin 5-β-D-glucopyranoside |
Betanidine 5-beta-D-glucopyranoside (principal composant colorant) | Red beet root pigment |
Beet root red pigment | |
Beetroot red pigment | |
Beta orientalis root red pigment | |
Beta vulgaris root red pigment | |
Beta vulgaris subsp | |
Beta vulgaris var | |
Orientalis root red pigment | |
Cicla root red pigment | |
Betanine |
Fonction et caractéristiques
Colorant alimentaire
Ses fonctions (INCI)
- Antioxydant : Inhibe les réactions favorisées par l’oxygène, évitant ainsi l’oxydation et la rancidité
- Agent fixant : Permet la cohésion de différents ingrédients cosmétiques
- Agent colorant pour cheveux : Colore les cheveux
Utilisations
Additif colorant; Alimentaire, cosmétiques, animals.
Toxicité
Classement;
Ne pas abuser
RÉSIDUS AUTORISÉS
Nitrate (≤ 2 g./g. de colorant rouge (…)), métaux lourds (≤ 40 mg/kg [15a]), arsenic (≤ 3 mg/kg), plomb (≤ 2 mg/kg), mercure (≤ 1 mg/kg), cadmium (≤ 1 mg/kg)
Les risques
D’origine naturelle et présenté le plus souvent comme inoffensif. Le rouge de betterave contient 2 parts d’anion nitrate par part de colorant rouge ! A modérer chez l’enfant.
Dosage maximum dans les produits transformés
Gouvernement du Canada, Liste des colorants autorisés (Listes des additifs alimentaires autorisés)
Liste des colorants autorisés | |||
Article |
Colonne 1 Additifs |
Colonne 2 Permis dans ou sur |
Colonne 3 Limites de tolérance et autre conditions |
1. | Rouge de betterave |
(1) Achards (relish); beurre; catsup de tomates; confiture de (nom du fruit) avec pectine; confiture de pommes (ou de rhubarbe) et de (nom du fruit); cornichons; gelée de (nom du fruit) avec pectine; jus de (nom du fruit) concentré sauf le jus d’orange concentré congelé; lait écrémé (indication de l’arôme); lait écrémé (indication de l’arôme) additionné de solides du lait; lait (indication de l’arôme); lait partiellement écrémé (indication de l’arôme); lait partiellement écrémé (indication de l’arôme) additionné de solides du lait; liqueur; marmelade d’ananas avec pectine; marmelade de figues avec pectine; mélange pour crème glacée; mélange pour lait glacé; oeufs de poisson (caviar); pain; pâte de homard; poisson fumé; sorbet laitier; sucre à glacer |
(1) Bonnes pratiques industrielles |
(2) Aliments non normalisés |
(2) Bonnes pratiques industrielles | ||
(3) Mélange de poisson et de chair préparés visé à l’alinéa B.21.006n) |
(3) Bonnes pratiques industrielles | ||
Note * du tableau Ce colorant est un colorant synthétique, tel que défini à l’article B.06.001, Titre 6, de la Partie B du Règlement sur les aliments et drogues. Pour les besoins de l’article B.06.061, les colorants synthétiques identifiés dans la Liste ci-dessus sont solubles dans l’eau, sauf le rouge citrin no2. | |||
Numéros de référence du document : NOM/ADM-0124; NOM/ADM-0122; NOM/ADM-0108; NOM/ADM-0099; NOM/ADM-0061; NOM/ADM-0051
États-Unis ; liste des colorants autorisés – de betterave et rouge
Color Additives Approved for Use in Human Food Part 73, Subpart A: Color additives exempt from batch certification(1) | ||||
21 CFR Section | Straight Color | EEC# | Year(2)Approved | Uses and Restrictions |
§73.40 | Dehydrated beets (beet powder) | E162 | 1967 | Foods generally. |
§73.260 | Vegetable juice(3) | —- | 1966 | Foods generally. |
1995 | Dried color additive, water infusion. |
Color Additives Approved for Use in Human Food Part 74, Subpart A: Color additives subject to batch certification(4) | ||||
21 CFR Section | Straight Color | EEC# | Year(2)Approved | Uses and Restrictions |
§74.302 | Citrus Red No. 2 | —- | 1963 | Skins of oranges not intended or used for processing; NTE(7) 2.0 ppm (by wt). |
§74.303 | FD&C Red No. 3 | E127 | 1969 | Foods generally. |
§74.340 | FD&C Red No. 40(3) | E129 | 1971 | Foods generally. |
Color Additives Approved for Use in Drugs Part 74, Subpart B: Color additives subject to batch certification | ||||
21 CFR Section | Straight Color | Year(2)Approved | Uses and Restrictions | |
§74.1303 | FD&C Red No. 3 | 1969 | Ingested drugs. | |
§74.1304 | FD&C Red No. 4 | 1976 | Externally applied drugs (6) . | |
§74.1306 | D&C Red No. 6 | 1983 | Drugs such that total with D&C Red No. 7 NTE(7) 5 mg/daily dose of drug. | |
2012 | Ether-soluble matter specification changed to 1-[(4-methylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthalenol, not more than 0.015 percent. | |||
§74.1307 | D&C Red No. 7 | 1983 | Drugs such that total with D&C Red No. 6 NTE(7) 5 mg/daily dose of drug. | |
2012 | Ether-soluble matter specification changed to 1-[(4-methylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthalenol, not more than 0.015 percent. | |||
§74.1317 | D&C Red No. 17 | 1976 | Externally applied drugs(6) . | |
§74.1321 | D&C Red No. 21 | 1983 | Drugs generally (5). | |
§74.1322 | D&C Red No. 22 | 1983 | Drugs generally (5). | |
§74.1327 | D&C Red No. 27 | 1982 | Drugs generally (5). | |
§74.1328 | D&C Red No. 28 | 1982 | Drugs generally (5). | |
§74.1330 | D&C Red No. 30 | 1982 | Drugs generally (5). | |
§74.1331 | D&C Red No. 31 | 1976 | Externally applied drugs(6) . | |
§74.1333 | D&C Red No. 33 | 1988 | Ingested drugs, other than mouthwashes and dentifrices (NTE(7) 0.75 mg/daily dose of drug); externally applied drugs(6) mouthwashes and dentifrices. | |
§74.1334 | D&C Red No. 34 | 1976 | Externally applied drugs(6) . | |
§74.1336 | D&C Red No. 36 | 1989 | Ingested drugs, other than mouthwashes and dentifrices, NTE(7) 1.7 mg/daily dose for drugs taken less than 1 yr; NTE(7) 1.0 mg/daily dose for drugs taken more than 1 yr. | |
1988 | Externally applied drugs(6) . | |||
§74.1339 | D&C Red No. 39 | 1966 | Quaternary ammonium type germicidal solutions for external application (NTE(7) 0.1% (by wt) of finished drug product). | |
§74.1340 | FD&C Red No. 40(3) | 1971 | Drugs generally(5). | |
1994 | Eye area use (includes lake). | |||
Color Additives Approved for Use in Cosmetics Part 74, Subpart C: Color additives subject to batch certification(4) | ||||
21 CFR Section | Straight Color | Year(2)Approved | Uses and Restrictions | |
§74.2304 | FD&C Red No. 4 | 1976 | Externally applied cosmetics(6) . | |
§74.2306 | D&C Red No. 6 | 1983 | Cosmetics generally (5). | |
2012 | Ether-soluble matter specification changed to 1-[(4-methylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthalenol, not more than 0.015 percent. | |||
§74.2307 | D&C Red No. 7 | 1983 | Cosmetics generally (5). | |
2012 | Ether-soluble matter specification changed to 1-[(4-methylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthalenol, not more than 0.015 percent. | |||
§74.2317 | D&C Red No. 17 | 1976 | Externally applied cosmetics(6) . | |
§74.2321 | D&C Red No. 21 | 1982 | Cosmetics generally (5). | |
§74.2322 | D&C Red No. 22 | 1982 | Cosmetics generally (5). | |
§74.2327 | D&C Red No. 27 | 1982 | Cosmetics generally (5). | |
§74.2328 | D&C Red No. 28 | 1982 | Cosmetics generally (5). | |
§74.2330 | D&C Red No. 30 | 1982 | Cosmetics generally (5). | |
§74.2331 | D&C Red No. 31 | 1976 | Externally applied cosmetics(6) . | |
§74.2333 | D&C Red No. 33 | 1988 | Externally applied cosmetics(6) ; mouthwashes, dentifrices; cosmetic lip products (NTE(7) 3% (by wt) of finished cosmetic product). | |
§74.2334 | D&C Red No. 34 | 1976 | Externally applied cosmetics(6) . | |
§74.2336 | D&C Red No. 36 | 1988 | Externally applied cosmetics(6); cosmetic lip products (NTE(7) 3% (by wt) of finished cosmetic product). | |
§74.2340 | FD&C Red No. 40(3) | 1975 | Cosmetics generally(5). | |
1994 | Eye area use (includes Al lake). No oxidizing or reducing agents that may affect integrity. | |||
Color Additives Approved for Use in Medical Devices Part 73, Subpart D: Color additives exempt from batch certification | ||||
21 CFR Section | Straight Color | Year(2)Approved | Uses and Restrictions | |
(7) C.I. Reactive Red 11 | 1985 | |||
(10) C.I. Reactive Red 180 | 1993 | |||
Color Additives Approved for Use in Medical Devices Part 74, Subpart D: Color additives subject to batch certification(4) | ||||
21 CFR Section | Straight Color | Year(2)Approved | Uses and Restrictions | |
1993(3) | Haptics of intraocular lenses NTE(7) 0.1%. | |||
§74.3230 | D&C Red No. 17 | 1990(3) | Contact lenses. | |
End Notes
- The color additives Astaxanthin, Astaxanthin dimethyldisuccinate, Ultramarine blue, Canthaxanthin, Haematococcus algae meal, Synthetic iron oxide, Dried algae meal, Tagetes (Aztec marigold) meal and extract, Corn endosperm oil, Paracoccus pigment, and Phaffia yeast are approved for specific uses in animal food (see 21 CFR 73.35, 73.37, 73.50, 73.75, 73.185, 73.200, 73.275, 73.295, 73.315, 73.352, and 73.355, respectively).
- The year approved is based on the date listed in the “Confirmation of Effective Date” notice for the action as published in the Federal Register.
- Petitioned for use after the 1960 amendments; not provisionally listed.
- Color additives listed in 21 CFR Parts 74 and 82 must be analyzed and batch certified by FDA before they can be used in any FDA-regulated product marketed in the U.S. This requirement applies to products imported into this country as well as those manufactured domestically. Manufacturers of certified color additives must include on the label the name of the certified color additive, a statement indicating general use limitations, any quantitative limitations in products, and the certification lot number assigned to the batch. Straight colors required to be certified are listed in 21 CFR Part 74. Most lakes are provisionally listed under 21 CFR 81.1 for use as listed in 21 CFR 82.51 (food, drugs, and cosmetics), 21 CFR 82.1051 (drugs and cosmetics), or 21 CFR 82.2051 (externally applied drugs and cosmetics). All FD&C Red No. 40 lakes are permanently listed under 21 CFR 74.340 (food), 74.1340 (drugs), and 74.2340 (cosmetics). FD&C Blue No. 1 and FD&C Yellow No. 5 aluminum lakes for drug and cosmetic use are permanently listed in 21 CFR sections 74.1101, 74.1705, 74.2101, and 74.2705.
- Color additives that are permitted for general use may not be used in the area of the eye, in injections, or in surgical sutures unless such use is specified in the color additive listing regulation. Currently no color additives are listed for use in injected products (such as tattoos or permanent makeup).
- Color additives that are permitted for external application may not be used in the area of the eye, in injections, or in surgical sutures unless such use is specified in the color additive listing regulation. Currently no color additives are listed for use in injected products (such as tattoos or permanent makeup). Some color additives that are permitted for external application also may be permitted in mouthwashes, dentifrices, or lipsticks in limited amounts specified in the color additive listing regulations.
- NTE – not to exceed.
Dose maximale admissible par jour
Information non disponible
Avantages
Un colorant inoffensif en soi mais susceptible d’être contaminé
La bétanine est un principe naturel sans danger, c’est même un antioxydant. Certaines personnes présentent cependant une coloration rouge des urines après l’absorption de la bétanine, leur organisme étant incapable de la dégrader, mais cette coloration des urines, bien que surprenante, n’est absolument pas inquiétante.
Le rouge de betterave n’est cependant pas limité à cette seule bétanine, la technique d’extraction par pressage ne faisant pas le tri entre les divers éléments présents dans la betterave avant pressage. Des colorants jaunes naturellement présents dans la betterave peuvent ainsi être présents en proportion variables, mais l’on peut surtout noter la présence potentielle de nitrates, dont les quantités doivent être limitées dans l’alimentation humaine.
On a constaté également un effet protecteur des extraits de betterave rouge contre le cancer.
Source de l’additif
Le rouge de betterave est obtenu par pression de tubercules de souches de betteraves rouges (Beta vulgaris L. var. rubra) écrasées jusqu’à obtention d’un jus, ou par extraction aqueuse à partir de betteraves réduites en morceaux et enrichissement ultérieur en principe actif. La matière colorante est constituée de divers pigments appartenant tous à la classe des bétalaïnes. La principale matière colorante est constituée de bétacyanines (rouges), dont 75 à 95% de bétanine. De faibles quantités de bétaxanthine (jaune) et de produits de dégradation de bétalaïnes (brun clair) peuvent être présentes. Outre les pigments colorés, le jus ou l’extrait renferme des sucres, des sels et/ou des protéines naturellement présentes dans la betterave. La solution peut être concentrée et certains produits raffinés afin d’éliminer les sucres, les sels et les protéines
Issu de végétaux.
Origine
Végétale | Oui | Animale | Non | Minérale | Non | Synthétique | Non |
Convient aux régimes
Végétarien | Oui | Végétalien | Oui | Hallal | Possible** | Kosher | Possible |
Biologique | Possible * | Sans gluten | Oui | Sans noix | Oui | Sans œufs | Oui |
* L’additif est autorisé dans le bio aux Etats-Unis (pigment extrait du jus de betterave), mais il n’est pas listé (donc pas autorisé) dans l’Union Européenne.
** Cet additif est douteux (parfois halal, parfois pas), Parfois extrait avec de l’alcool.
Autorisé dans les pays suivants
Country | Status | Matched Term |
États-Unis | Matching Terms Not Found | |
European Union | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Australia and New Zealand | Approved | Beet red |
Philippines | Approved | Beet red |
Japon | Unknown | None |
Autriche | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Belgique | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Bulgarie | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Chypre | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
République tchèque | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Danemark | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Estonie | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Finlande | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
France | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Allemagne | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Grèce | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Hongrie | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Irlande | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Italie | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Lettonie | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Lituanie | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Luxembourg | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Malte | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Pays-Bas | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Pologne | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Portugal | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Roumanie | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Slovaquie | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Slovénie | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Espagne | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Suède | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Royaume-Uni | Approved | Beetroot Red; Betanin |
Australie | Approved | Beet red |
Nouvelle-Zélande | Approved | Beet red |
Additif interdit
Information non disponible
Utilisation restreinte
Information non disponible
Spécification technique
Classe | Bêtalaïne |
Formule | C24H26N2O13 (bétanine) |
CAS | 7659-95-2 (bétanine) |
Composition | Teneur en colorant rouge (exprimée en bétanine) ≥ 0,4% |
Ou peut-on retrouvé
Type d’Aliment ou on peut le retrouver
La bétanine E162 n’est pas soumise à une limite de dosage dans les aliments (principe dit quantum satis), et peut selon le Codex alimentarius affecter une large gamme d’aliments divers.
Dans l’U.E.
- Conserves de fruits ou de légumes
- Conserves de fruits rouges
- Saucisses
- Crustacés précuits
- Divers produits de la malbouffe
- Confiseries
- Glaces
- Plats préparés.
- Gelées de fruits
- Glaces
- Chewing-gums
- Yaourts aromatisés
- Confiture
- Produits de céréales pour le déjeuner
- Saucisses
- Vinaigre
- Sauces
- Pâtes
- Légumes confits.
Canada
- Achards (relish)
- Beurre
- Catsup de tomates
- Confiture de (nom du fruit) avec pectine
- Confiture de pommes (ou de rhubarbe) et de (nom du fruit)
- Cornichons
- Gelée de (nom du fruit) avec pectine
- Jus de (nom du fruit) concentré sauf le jus d’orange concentré congelé
- Lait écrémé (indication de l’arôme)
- Lait écrémé (indication de l’arôme) additionné de solides du lait
- Lait (indication de l’arôme)
- Lait partiellement écrémé (indication de l’arôme)
- Lait partiellement écrémé (indication de l’arôme) additionné de solides du lait
- Liqueur; marmelade d’ananas avec pectine
- Marmelade de figues avec pectine
- Mélange pour crème glacée
- Mélange pour lait glacé
- Oeufs de poisson (caviar)
- Pain
- Pâte de homard
- Poisson fumé
- Sorbet laitier
- Sucre à glacer
- Aliments non normalisés
- Mélange de poisson et de chair préparés
Autres que les aliments ou peut-on la retrouver
Médicaments
Colorant
Les cosmétiques,
Role; teinture, peaux, ongle et cheveux (dyes cosmetic products, skin, nails or hair)
Produits qui en contiennent |
Autobronzant |
Autobronzant certifié biologique |
Masque hydratant repulpant |
Masque Hydratant Repulpant – 2 x 4,5 g |
Relaxing chakra’s – Thé pour le bain |
Self Tan Mousse 120ml |
Alimentation animale
Supplément alimentaire
Additifs similaires
Colorants rouge | Colorants rouge | Colorants rouge | Colorants rouge |
E120 | E124 | E122 | E163 |
Cochenille | Ponceau 4R | Carmoisine | Anthocyanes |
Remplacement naturel possible
Colorant alimentaire ROUGE
- Fruits rouges : fraises, framboises, etc. : coupez les fruits en morceaux, mixez-les et filtrez pour recueillir le jus.
- Décoction de feuilles d’hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa), commercialisées sous le nom de “bissap” ou “karkadé : faites bouillir pendant 15 minutes quelques hibiscus séchés dans un peu d’eau.
- Poudre d’urucum ; Poudre dont les indiens s’enduisaient la peau, d’où leur surnom de “Peau rouge”, 1 pincée suffit
Colorant alimentaire ROSE.
- Jus de betterave précuite : récupérez le jus de betterave dans les sachets achetés dans le commerce. Filtrez-le dans un filtre à café.
- Fruits rouges : cassis, myrtilles, bleuets, mûres, cerises noires, groseilles, baies de sureau, airelles, etc. : coupez les fruits en morceaux, mixez-les et filtrez pour recueillir le jus.
- Vin rouge.
- Jus de chou rouge mélangé à du jus de citron.
Autres informations
Les betteraves peuvent naturellement colorer l’urine à hautes doses et/ou en consommation régulière, surtout lors de déficiences en fer ou d’une mauvaise absorption. La bétanine se dégrade au contact de l’oxygène, la lumière et la chaleur, elle ne peut donc pas être utilisée dans tout les produits. Elle est plutôt utilisée dans les produits congelés, en poudre ou à durée de conservation courte. La couleur de la bétanine est dépendante du pH, à pH acide (pH 4-5) elle est rouge et tourne progressivement violet-rouge à mesure que le pH baisse. À pH alcalin (pH 11-12) la bétanine s’hydrolyse et devient jaune-marron. La bétanine est considérée comme un antioxydant4 alimentaire et est très bien assimilée par le corps humain8. Cependant, 10 à 14 % des humains sont incapables de la décomposer, ce qui colore en rouge leur urine après qu’ils ont mangé de la betterave rouge
Source et Bibliographie
- ↑ (en) Anonymous, « Beetroot » [archive], NATCOL (consulté le 17 janvier 2008)
- ↑ (en) Forni E, Polesello A, Montefiori D, Maestrelli A. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the pigments of blood-red prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica). J Chromatogr 1992;593:177-83.
- ↑ (en) L Tesoriere, Mario Allegra, Daniela Butera et Maria A. Livrea, « Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans », American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 80, no 4, 2004, p. 941-945 (lire en ligne [archive])
- ↑ (en) Stintzing FC, Schieber A, Carle R. Identification of betalains from yellow beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and cactus pear [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. ] by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:2302-7. PMID 11929288 [archive]
- ↑ [PDF] Directive 95/45/CE de la Commission établissant des critères de pureté spécifiques pour les colorants pouvant être utilisés dans les denrées alimentaires [archive]
- ↑ [PDF] European Parliament and Council Directive 94/36/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil, du 30 juin 1994, concernant les colorants destinés à être employés dans les denrées alimentaires [archive]
- ↑ a b et c [PDF] BS Maataoui, A Hmyene et S Hilali (2006) Activités anti-radicalaires d’extraits de jus de fruit du figuier de barbarie (Opunta ficus indica). [archive] Lebanese Science Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1
- ↑ Masse molaire calculée d’après « Atomic weights of the elements 2007 » [archive], sur http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk.
- Additifs et auxiliaires de fabrication dans les industries agroalimentaires …De DE REYNAL Béatrice
- Arnold JT, Oliver SJ, Lewis-Jones TM, et al. Beetroot juice does not enhance altitude running performance in well-trained athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015;40:590-5. View abstract.
- Ashor AW, Jajja A, Sutyarjoko A, et al. Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on microvascular blood flow in older overweight and obese subjects: a pilot randomised controlled study. J Hum Hypertens 2015;29:511-3. View abstract.
- Bondonno CP, Liu AH, Croft KD, et al. Absence of an effect of high nitrate intake from beetroot juice on blood pressure in treated hypertensive individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:368-75. View abstract.
- Boorsma RK, Whitfield J, Spriet LL. Beetroot juice supplementation does not improve performance of elite 1500-m runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014;46:2326-34. View abstract.
- Breese BC, McNarry MA, Marwood S, et al. Beetroot juice supplementation speeds O2 uptake kinetics and improves exercise tolerance during severe-intensity exercise initiated from an elevated metabolic rate. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013;305:R1441-50. View abstract.
- Briskin, B. S. and Demidov, D. A. [Enterosorption with pectin-containing medication in the treatment of peritonitis]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2005;(4):14-19. View abstract.
- Buck CL, Henry T, Guelfi K, Dawson B, McNaughton LR, Wallman K. Effects of sodium phosphate and beetroot juice supplementation on repeated-sprint ability in females. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015 Oct;115(10):2205-13. View abstract.
- Cermak NM, Res P, Stinkens R, et al. No improvement in endurance performance after a single dose of beetroot juice. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2012;22:470-8. View abstract.
- Clifford T, Allerton DM, Brown MA, et al. Minimal muscle damage after a marathon and no influence of beetroot juice on inflammation and recovery. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017;42:263-270. View abstract.
- Clifford T, Berntzen B, Davison GW, et al. Effects of beetroot juice on recovery of muscle function and performance between bouts of repeated sprint exercise. Nutrients 2016;8. pii: E506. View abstract.
- Cossack, Z. T. and Musaiger, A. O. Effect on lipid metabolism of beet fibre in desert nomads with low habitual fibre intake. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 1991;45(2):105-110. View abstract.
- Dillen K, Demont M, Tillie P, Rodriguez Cerezo E. Bred for Europe but grown in America: the case of GM sugar beet. N Biotechnol 2013;30:131-5. View abstract.
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