3.082 Additif alimentaire E238, Formiate de calcium

Sel ou ester de l’acide formique combiné à ce métal. Utilisé dans de nombreux produits allant du supplément alimentaire pour animaux, au médicament vétérinaire en passant par le ciment et le tannage du cuir.

Je n’ai pas trouvé de produits alimentaires ou cosmétiques contenant ce produit, quelques suppléments en contient. Cependant, il est largement utilisé dans les suppléments pour animaux, il est considérée comme sûre pour le consommateur.

Autres noms

FrancaisAnglais
diformiate de calciumCalcium Formate
 CALCIUM FORMATE [HSDB]
 CALCOFORM
 208-863-7
 FORMIC ACID CALCIUM SALT
 544-17-2
 NDI 658 [FDMS]

Fonction et caractéristiques

Agent de conservation, durcisseur, substitution du sel.

CARACTÉRISTIQUES

Poudre cristalline blanche et inodore, facilement soluble dans l’eau et insoluble dans l’alcool

Utilisations

Serait autorisé uniquement dans le fromage Provolone.

Utilisations détaillées

#CategoryCategory Description
1AdhesiveGeneral adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses
2Adhesive, powder, consumer_useTerm applied when the only information the source indicates is ‘consumer’ or ‘consumer product’ ; also applied to terms that the source indicates are for consumer use, yet the descriptor term is ambivalent about usage (e.g., cleaning_washing products may be for industrial or consumer use, when the source indicates consumer use, the consumer_use term is also applied) – see appendix for full list of unambiguous consumer related terms plus ambiguous consumer related terms which if indicated are labeled with ‘consumer_use’
3AgriculturalRelating to agricultural, including the raising and farming of animals and growing of crops
4Agricultural, animalRelated to animals (but non-veterinary) e.g., animal husbandry, farming of animals/animal production, raising of animals for food or fur, animal feed, products for household pets
5Agricultural, cropProducts used on crops, or related to the growing of crops
6AntifreezingAntifreezing agents, or de-icing products
7BufferBuffer or pH regulating agent
8Building_constructionRelated to the building or construction process for buildings or boats (includes activities such as plumbing and electrical work, bricklaying, etc)
9Building_construction, brickBricks or related to bricklaying/masonry
10Building_materialMaterials used in the building process, such as flooring, insulation, caulk, tile, wood, glass, etc.
11Building_material, fillerFillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc
12Building_material, flooringFlooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
13Building_material, insulationInsulating materials to protect from noise, cold, etc (such as used in homes or buildings), insulating materials related to electricity
14Building_material, pavingRelated to cement, concrete, or asphalt materials
15Building_material, viscous_liquidCaulk, mortar, or putty compounds
16Building_material, wallsWall construction materials, or wall coverings
17Chemical, laboratoryModifier used for chemical, when chemical is used in a laboratory
18Child_useRelated to products specifically designed for children (e.g. toys, children’s cosmetics, etc)
19Cleaning_washing, dishwashingRelated to dishwashing products (soaps, rinsing agents, softeners, etc)
20Cleaning_washing, laundryLaundry products (such as cleaning/washing agents), or laundry facilities
21ConstructionGeneral construction (as opposed to those things labeled building_construction); i.e. when source only indicates ‘construction,’ construction of roads, or engineering
22Consumer_useTerm applied when the only information the source indicates is ‘consumer’ or ‘consumer product’ ; also applied to terms that the source indicates are for consumer use, yet the descriptor term is ambivalent about usage (e.g., cleaning_washing products may be for industrial or consumer use, when the source indicates consumer use, the consumer_use term is also applied) – see appendix for full list of unambiguous consumer related terms plus ambiguous consumer related terms which if indicated are labeled with ‘consumer_use’
23DetergentDetergents with wide variety of applications; modifiers included when known
24EnzymeEnzyme inhibitors, stabilizers, and enzyme replacement agents
25FillerFillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc
26HuntingRelated to the activity of hunting
27Industrial, adhesive, water_basedModifier included when source indicates the product is water based
28Industrial_manufacturing
29Manufacturing, adhesiveGeneral adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses
30Manufacturing, agrochemicalAgricultural chemicals used on a variety of crops
31Manufacturing, building_material, pavingRelated to cement, concrete, or asphalt materials
32Manufacturing, building_material, roofingRoofing materials or roofing activities
33Manufacturing, building_material, woodWood used as a building material, wood preservatives
34Manufacturing, chemicalGeneral term used only when the only information known from the source is ‘chemical,’ typically related to manufacturing of chemicals, or laboratory chemicals
35Manufacturing, exportRelated to manufacturing for export (additional information unknown)
36Manufacturing, fertilizerFertilizer for consumer or industrial use, and manufacturing of fertilizers
37Manufacturing, foodFood for human consumption, does not include food additives (see food_additive); also includes manufacture of food, facilities related to food (with appropriate modifiers)
38Manufacturing, leatherLeather products, and products/chemicals used in the process of tanning and dressing leather
39Manufacturing, machinesManufacturing of or related to machinery, for production of cement or food, air/spacescraft machinery, electrical machinery, etc
40Manufacturing, mineralsNon-metallic mineral products and their manufacture
41Manufacturing, pesticideSubstances used for preventing, destroying or mitigating pests
42Manufacturing, soapSoaps, includes personal care products for cleansing the hands or body, and soaps/detergents for cleaning products, homes, etc
43PaintVarious types of paint for various uses, modifiers included when more information is known
44Paint, water_basedModifier included when source indicates the product is water based
45PaperRelated to the manufcturing of pulp or paper products, or paper products in general
46Pesticide, biocide, active_ingredientActive ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with ‘pesticide’)
47PhotographicRelated to photography, film, photographic equipment, photographic laboraties, photochemicals, and developing of photographs
48Process_regulatorAccelerators, activators, oxidation agents, reducing agents, etc
49Resource_extraction, gasRelated to fracking, natural gas, industrial gases
50Resource_extraction, oilCrude oil, crude petroleum, refined oil products, fuel oils, drilling oils
51SoapSoaps, includes personal care products for cleansing the hands or body, and soaps/detergents for cleaning products, homes, etc

Toxicité

Douteux

Les risques

Le formiate de calcium n’est pas irritant pour la peau mais provoque des effets indésirables graves sur les yeux. Il est probable que la manipulation de l’additif pourrait entraîner des réactions cutanées et la production de poussières respirables qui pourraient présentent un risque pour les travailleurs non protégés.

RÉSIDUS AUTORISÉS (dits Critères de pureté)

Non disponible

Dosage maximum dans les produits transformés

Non disponible

Liste des agents de conservation autorisés (Listes des additifs alimentaires autorisés) (Canada)

Non listé

Liste des additifs alimentaires autorisés ayant d’autres utilisations acceptées(Canada)

Non listé

DSL – Liste intérieure des substances (Canada)

Non listé

Liste des substances ajoutées aux aliments Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS)

Non listé

OTC Active Ingredients

Non listé

DrugPortal

Listé

UNII Code

NP3JD65NPY

EINECS (European INventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances)

208-863-7

Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA)

Non listé

Avantages

Aide à protéger contre la détérioration des aliments causée par les micro-organismes

Source de l’additif

Synthétique

Origine

La forme minérale est très rare et appelée formicaite. Il est connu de quelques gisements de bore. Il peut être produit par synthèse en faisant réagir de l’oxyde de calcium ou de l’hydroxyde de calcium avec de l’acide formique

VégétaleNonAnimaleNonMinéraleOuiSynthétiqueOui

Convient aux régimes

VégétarienOuiVégétalienNonHallalNonKosherNon
BiologiqueNonSans glutenOuiSans noixOuiSans œufsOui

Autorisé dans les pays suivants

Aucun retrouvé

L’utilisation du formiate de calcium est actuellement autorisée comme agent de conservation dans l’alimentation de toutes les espèces animales, mais n’est pas autorisé comme additif alimentaire dans l’UE

Utilisation restreinte

CountryStatusMatched Term
États-UnisMatching Terms Not Found

Utilisation interdite

Conservateur de synthèse interdit en France, Suisse, Australie et Angleterre.

CountryStatusMatched Term
European UnionNot Permitted
Australia and New ZealandNot Permitted
PhilippinesNot Permitted
AutricheNot Permitted
BelgiqueNot Permitted
BulgarieNot Permitted
ChypreNot Permitted
République tchèqueNot Permitted
DanemarkNot Permitted
EstonieNot Permitted
FinlandeNot Permitted
FranceNot Permitted
AllemagneNot Permitted
GrèceNot Permitted
HongrieNot Permitted
IrlandeNot Permitted
ItalieNot Permitted
LettonieNot Permitted
LituanieNot Permitted
LuxembourgNot Permitted
MalteNot Permitted
Pays-BasNot Permitted
PologneNot Permitted
PortugalNot Permitted
RoumanieNot Permitted
SlovaquieNot Permitted
SlovénieNot Permitted
EspagneNot Permitted
SuèdeNot Permitted
Royaume-UniNot Permitted
AustralieNot Permitted
Nouvelle-ZélandeNot Permitted

Spécification technique

  • CAS  544-17-2
  • Formule moléculaire; Ca(HCOO)2
  • EINECS Number: Registry No. 2088637

Additifs similaires

ConservateursConservateursConservateursConservateurs
E202E220E250E211
Sorbate de potassiumDioxyde de soufreNitrite de sodiumBenzoate de sodium

Ou peut-on retrouvé

Conservateur alimentaire, aliment pour animaux, nombreuses industries.

Exemple de catégories de produits alimentaires transformés contenant l’additif

Exemple de produit (open food fact)

Aucun produit

Autres applications non alimentaires

Liste restreinte de l’EWG pour les produits de nettoyage (ingrédients acceptables avec vérification)

Substance / IngrédientAutre nomCASRestriction
ACIDE FORMIQUE, SEL DE CALCIUMDiformate de calcium544-17-2L’utilisation de tous les ingrédients classés H318 est limitée à 3% dans les produits à pulvériser en raison de la classification «provoque des lésions oculaires graves» (GHS H318).

Cosmétiques et soins de la peau

Non listé

Ses fonctions (INCI)

Non listé

Example de produit cosmétique en contenant:

Aucun retrouvé

Pharmaceutique

DemetRx Pharmaceuticals Pre-Tabs DHA Vitamin Tablet DemetRx Pharmaceuticals Pre-Tabs DHA Vitamin Tablet
Women’s Choice Pharmaceuticals Nestabs Women’s Choice Pharmaceuticals Nestabs
Women’s Choice Pharmaceuticals Nestabs DHA Women’s Choice Pharmaceuticals Nestabs DHA

Autres utilisations;

Fabrication de

  • Adhésifs industriels
  • Adhésifs et mastics résidentiel
  • Aliment complémentaire pour réduire le risque de maladie métabolique pour vaches laitières
  • Aliment minéral diététique pour la prévention de la fièvre vitulaire chez les vaches laitières.
  • Béton
  • Carburants et produits connexes
  • Charges mastic
  • Chaussures
  • Ciment Portland
  • Colle
  • Conservateur pour l’ensilage
  • Dans les fluides de forage et les lubrifiants
  • Dry-Mix système. Accélérer le taux de durcissement du ciment
  • Enduits
  • Engrais
  • Equipements électroniques
  • Jouets
  • Liant pour briquettes de minerai fin
  • Liquides / détergents de lavage en machine
  • Matériaux de construction
  • Matériaux de construction : en métal, en bois et en plastique
  • Meubles
  • Nourriture animale, stimulation de l’appétit et de réduction du taux de diarrhée.
  • Papier et produits en carton
  • Parfums et assainisseurs d’air
  • Pâte à modeler
  • Peintures et revêtements
  • Peut également être utilisé en remplacement de l’acide formique dans l’opération de décapage.
  • Planchers
  • Production d’acide formique.
  • Produits agricoles (non pesticides)
  • Produits antigel et dégivrants
  • Produits de lessive et de vaisselle
  • Produits d’entretien automobile
  • Produits en cuir
  • Revêtements de sol
  • Rideaux
  • Stuc
  • Teindre le cuir
  • Tuiles
  • Utilisé comme accélérant du bétonnage pour le ciment.

Autres informations

Alimentation animale ; Considérant que le renouvellement du formiate est rapide, sans signe d’accumulation dans les tissus corporels, ni les concentrations de calcium ni de formiate n’augmenteront dans les tissus comestibles des animaux alimentés avec du formiate de calcium ; les consommateurs ne sont pas exposés. Par conséquent, la l’utilisation de formiate de calcium comme additif alimentaire chez toutes les espèces animales est considérée comme sûre pour le consommateur. (source rapport EFSA)

Bibliographie

(de) Entrée Natriumformiat [archive] sur Römpp Online. Georg Thieme Verlag, consulté le 19/06/2014.
(en) Carl L. Yaws, Handbook of Thermodynamic Diagrams : Inorganic Compounds and Elements, vol. 3, Huston, Texas, Gulf Pub. Co., 1996, 384 p.(ISBN 0-88415-859-4)
(en) David R. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90e Ed., (Internet-Version: 2010), CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances, p. 5-19.
(en) Deicer Anti-icing Snow melting Thawing Chemicals Manufacturers [archive]
(en) T. Meisel, Z. Halmos, K. Seybold, E. Pungor, The thermal decomposition of alkali metal formates, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 1975, vol.7(1), pp. 73-80. DOI:10.1007/BF01911627.
(en) William M. Haynes, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, vol. 97, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, 2016, 2652 p. (ISBN 1498754287), « Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds », p. 805 (4-86).
(en) Hyp J. Dauben, Jr., James D. Wilson et John L. Laity, « Diamagnetic Susceptibility Exaltation in Hydrocarbons », Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 91, no 8,‎ 9 avril 1968, p. 1991-1998
(en) Iwona Owczarek et Krystyna Blazej, « Recommended Critical Temperatures. Part II. Aromatic and Cyclic Hydrocarbons », J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, vol. 33, no 2,‎ 30 avril 2004, p. 541 (DOI 10.1063/1.1647147)
(en) J. G. Speight, Norbert Adolph Lange, Lange’s handbook of chemistry, McGraw-Hill, 2005, 16e éd., 1623 p. (ISBN 0-07-143220-5), p. 2.289
(en) Robert H. Perry et Donald W. Green, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, USA, McGraw-Hill, 1997, 7e éd., 2400 p.(ISBN 0-07-049841-5), p. 2-50
(en) William Benton et Jim Turner, Cabot Specialty Fluids: Cesium formate fluid succeeds in North Sea HPHT field trials [archive] (PDF; 88 ko), Drilling Contractor, mai/juin 2000.
« Additifs alimentaires, le guide indispensable pour ne plus vous empoisonner » ; Corinne GOUGET, Editions Chariot d’Or, 2013, ISBN 978-2-9118-0669-8.  14e édition de ce best-seller. C. GOUGET s’est fait connaître (et apprécier) tant par son livre que par ses nombreuses apparitions mobilisatrices sur internet (voir notam. youTube).
« Du poison dans votre assiette ? » ; Cécile Voss, Editions Test-Achats / VSZ, 2000, ISBN 2-930241-18-7.
« Les additifs alimentaires. Ce que cachent les étiquettes » ; Hélène Barbier Du Vimont, Editions Trédaniel Poche, 2008, ISBN 978-2-84445-860-5.
Allergy in Practice, By Johannes Ring, page 110
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010 TLVs and BEIs with 7th edition documentation CD-ROM. Cincinnati, OH : ACGIH. (2010). Publication 0111CD. [CD-120061]   http://www.acgih.org
Archives of Environmental Health, VOL. 26, 1973, P. 70-74 [AP-003546]
Arnold Willmes, Taschenbuch Chemische Substanzen, Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt (M.), 2007.
ATC Code https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/
Barbara Lund, Tony C. Baird-Parker. Microbiological Safety and Quality of Food. Aspen Publishers, Inc. 2000. p.202-204
Baribeau H, et Dumoulin L. L’indice PRAL http://www.passeportsante.net/fr/Nutrition/DocumentsReference/Document.aspx?doc=indice_pral_nu
Basker D and, Klinger I, 1979. Effect of formic acid treatment of chicken feed on the taste of the resultant broiler meat. Refugee Veterinarians, 36:40 (cited in Poste LM, 1990. A sensory perspective of effect of feeds on flavor in meats: poultry meats. Journal of Animal Science, 68, 4414–4420).
Beijer WH, 1952. Methane fermentation in the rumen of cattle. Nature, 170, 576–577.
Bosi P, Sarli G, Casini L, De Filippi S, Trevisi P, Mazzoni M and Merialdi G, 2007. The influence of fat protection of calcium formate on growth and intestinal defence in Escherichia coli K88- challenged weanling pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 139, 170–185.
Budavari, S. et O’Neil, M., The Merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 11th ed. Rahway ( N.J.) : Merck. (1989). [RM-403001]
Bushinsky DA. Acid-base imbalance and the skeleton. Eur J Nutr 2001;40:238–44.
Calcium formate for all animal species EFSA Journal 2014;12(11):3898 14 HSDB (Hazardous Substance Data Bank), 2006. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Toxicology Information Program (NTP), Bethesda, Maryland. Available online: http://toxnet.nlm. nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+64-18-6
Calcium formate for all animal species EFSA Journal 2014;12(11):3898 15 Vielma J and Lall SP, 1997. Dietary formic acid enhances apparent digestibility of minerals in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Nutrition, 3, 265–268.
Carroll EJ and Hungate RE, 1955. Formate dissimilation and methane production in bovine rumen contents. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 56, 525–536. Codex, 2011. General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA) online database. Updated up to the 34th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2011). Food additive details: Formic acid (236). Available online: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/additives/details.html?id=332
Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer (CIRC/OMS) » Monographies
Champagne ET. Low gastric hydrochloric acid secretion and mineral bioavailability. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1989;249:173-84.
ChEBI Natamycin http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:7488 ChEBI Ontology http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/userManualForward.do#ChEBI%20Ontology
Chemical Book Inc. – Base de données chimiques et fournisseurs. Les composés chimiques (les additifs en ce qui nous concerne) sont renseignés avec leurs matières premières utilisées ou utilisables (cf. sec° Raw material).
CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). 2006. CIR Compendium, containing abstracts, discussions, and conclusions of CIR cosmetic ingredient safety assessments. Washington DC.
ClinicalTrials.gov LICENSE The ClinicalTrials.gov data carry an international copyright outside the United States and its Territories or Possessions. Some ClinicalTrials.gov data may be subject to the copyright of third parties; you should consult these entities for any additional terms of use. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-site/terms-conditions#Use https://clinicaltrials.gov/
Codex Alimentarius
DailyMed LICENSE https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
Demoly P., Portales-Casamar S. CD. ROM Encyclopédique d’Allergologie. Schering-Plough. 2010.
Dictionnaire pharmaceutique VIDAL » sec° EurêkaSanté (information médicale grand public)
Drevets, C.C. et Seebohm, P.M., «Dermatitis from alcohol.» Journal of Allergy. Vol. 32, no. 4, p. 277-282. (1961). [AP-025612]
EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals.
EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
Eckel B, Kirchgessner M and Roth FX, 1992. Zum Einfluss von Ameisensäure auf tägliche Zunahmen, Futteraufnahme, Futterverwertung und Verdaulichkeit 1. Mitteilung Untersuchung zur nutritiven Wirksamkeit von organischen Säuren in der Ferkelaufzucht Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 67, 93–100.
EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed), 2014. Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of formic acid when used as a technological additive for all animal species. EFSA Journal 2014;12(10):3827, 16 pp. doi:10.2903/ j.efsa.2014.3827
Eidelsburger U, Roth FX and Kirchgessner M, 1992. Zum Einfluß von Ameisensäure, Calciumformiat und Natriumhydrogencarbonat auf tägliche Zunahmen, Futteraufnahme, Futterverwertung und Verdaulichkeit. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 67, 258–267.
ESIS-European chemical Substances Information System [archive]
EU (European Union). 2006. Persistent, bioaccumulative chemicals identified in PRIO database – a tool for risk reduction of chemicals. Secondary PRIO database – a tool for risk reduction of chemicals. Secondary Kemi. Place Published, Kemi-Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate.
EU Food Improvement Agents NATAMYCIN https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32012R0231
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) LICENSE Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: “Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/”. Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page. https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice natamycin https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.803
European Commission » Health and Consumers » Cosmetics-CosIng
European Commission. 2013. Cosing, the European Commission database with information on cosmetic substances and ingredients. Accessed on March 1, 2013 at http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cosmetics/cosing/ .
Evaluation of spray dried animal plasma and calcium formate as alternatives to colistin in piglets experimentally infected with Escherichia coli K99. Livestock Science, 108, 303–306.
FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) 2006. Food Additive Status List. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html, Oct 16, 2006.
FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2008. EAFUS [Everything Added to Food]: A Food Additive Database. FDA Office of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) LICENSE Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required. https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
FDA Drugs LICENSE Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required. https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ucm129662.htm
Food Additives Guide (mbm.net.au/health/guide.htm) La section Additifs alimentaires de ce site australien engagé est notamment empruntée à l’ouvrage de Judith Thamm « What are you putting in your mouth ? ».
Food Reactions  (foodreactions.org) ; Site de M. Cassar, maîtrisard en Biologie, dédié aux intolérances alimentaires. Section Additifs.
France. Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, Fiche toxicologique no 149 : Acide formique. Cahiers de notes documentaires. Paris : INRS. (2011). [RE-005509]   http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/fichetox.html
G. Bujacz, B. Wrzesniewska, A. Bujacz, Cryoprotection properties of salts of organic acids: a case study for a tetragonal crystal of HEW lysozyme, Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography, 2010, vol.66(7), pp. 789–796. DOI:10.1107/S0907444910015416.
Grant, W.M., Toxicology of the eye : effects on the eyes and visual systems from chemicals, drugs, metals and minerals, plants, toxins and venoms; also, systemic side effects from eye medications. 3rd. ed. Springfield (ILL) : Charles C. Thomas. (1986).
Günther KD, 1989. The use of calcium formate in milk replacers for rearing calves. Feed Compounder (UK), 9, 22–24. Hanzlik RP, Fowler SC and Eells JT, 2005. Absorption and elimination of formate following oral administration of calcium formate in female human subjects. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 33(2), 282–286.
H.-J. Arpe, Industrielle Organische Chemie, 6., vollst. überarb. Aufl., Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2007. (ISBN 978-3-527-31540-6).
Handling chemicals safety 1980. 2nd ed. Amsterdam : Dutch Association of Safety Experts. (1980).
Hansch, C. et Leo, A., The log P database. Claremont, Ca. : Pomona College. (1987).
Hanzlik RP, Fowler SC, Fisher DH. Relative bioavailability of calcium from calcium formate, calcium citrate, and calcium carbonate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Jun;313(3):1217-22. (article complet disponible via le lien)
Hawley, G. G., Sax, N. I. et Lewis, R. J., Hawley’s condensed chemical dictionary. 11th ed. rev. New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold. (1987). [RS-407001]   http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9780470114735 
Health environmental effects profile for 1,1-Biphenyl. Cincinnati : EPA. (1984). Microfiche : PB88-137831, EPA/600/X-84/147
Heaney RP, Weaver CM, Fitzsimmons ML. Influence of calcium load on absorption fraction. J Bone Miner Res. 1990 Nov;5(11):1135-8.
Heller HJ, Greer LG, Haynes SD, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of two calcium supplements in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Nov;40(11):1237-44.
http://cfa84patis.free.fr/additifs_alimentaires.pdf
http://ekladata.com/iwPNoztb_btVfTrCTs3hoy9Ptm0.pdf
http://nigubo.free.fr/alimentation/additifs%20alimentaires.html
http://nonauxadditifsalimentaires.e-monsite.com/pages/additifs-alimentaires/les-additifs/les-additifs-dangereux-rouge/e238-formiate-de-calcium.html
http://pdfdrugs.com/v/ville-saumur.fr1.html
http://thearticlebay.com/en-gb/article/107-food-additives-with-e-numbers
http://www.fao.org/tempref/codex/Meetings/CCFAC/ccfac32/INS_f.pdf
http://www.food-detektiv.de/e_nummer_ausgabe.php?id=398&volvox_locale=fr_FR
http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/fichetox/fiche.html?refINRS=FICHETOX_149
http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~mignotte/Online/AdditifsChimiquesAlimentaires_II.pdf
http://www.lorientjunior.com/article/31/neuf-questions-sur-la-natamycine.html
http://www.naturopathie-holistique.fr/liste-rouge-des-additifs-alimentaires-(danger)-partie-1-15-104.html
http://www.omedit-normandie.fr/media-files/8866/biosimilaire-ansm.pdf
http://www.pageshalal.fr/additifs/E238-formiate_de_calcium-fr.html
http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1247491.html
https://alimentation-sante.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/dossier-scient-10.pdf
https://alternative-vegan.com/wp-content/uploads/LM/additifs-GougetLivre.pdf?utm_source=Artcile&utm_medium=Blog&utm_campaign=ExtraitAdd
https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/unii/NP3JD65NPY
https://cornflakes.io/additif/99/E238-formiate-de-calcium/
https://denkavit.com/fr/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/06/denkacid_082010.pdf
https://djamel77100.skyrock.com/129260148-Liste-d-ingredients-interdits-pour-les-musulman-e-s.html
https://docteurtamalou.fr/additifs-alimentaires-plus-dangereux-sante/
https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/8O0C852CPO
https://echa.europa.eu/fr/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.004.990
https://echa.europa.eu/fr/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.008.058
https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3898
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52002PC0662:FR:HTML
https://fda.report/UNII/8O0C852CPO
https://fda.report/UNII/NP3JD65NPY
https://forums.futura-sciences.com/chimie/158000-additifs-alilmentaire.html
https://journalepicurien.com/tag/acidifiants/
https://noshly.com/additive/238/preservative/238/#.X1aW6HlKguE
https://pages.rts.ch/emissions/abe/1371092-liste-des-principaux-additifs-alimentaires.html
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Biphenyl#section=Methods-of-Manufacturing
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Calcium-formate
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Formic-acid#section=Associated-Disorders-and-Diseases
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Pimaricin#section=FDA-Generally-Recognized-as-Safe—GRAS-Notices
https://world.openfoodfacts.org/additive/en:e238-calcium-formiate
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=186.1756
https://www.additifs.guide/E238
https://www.additifs-alimentaires.net/E238.php?nostat
https://www.agriconomie.com/bolus-de-calcium-phosphore-normabol-271003/p271003
https://www.boulangerienet.fr/bn/bnweb/dt/additif.php
https://www.canada.ca/fr/environnement-changement-climatique/services/evaluation-substances-existantes/evaluation-prealable-groupe-af-fs.html
https://www.cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=FoodSubstances&id=FORMICACID
https://www.csst.qc.ca/prevention/reptox/Pages/fiche-complete.aspx?no_produit=604#ref_770_1
https://www.csst.qc.ca/prevention/reptox/Pages/fiche-complete.aspx?no_produit=7807
https://www.dangersalimentaires.com/en/2011/01/les-additifs-alimentaires/
https://www.echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/24222797/ec_200-579-1_formic_acid_rmoa_concl_8171_en.pdf/745cf276-1065-fa6f-19f3-72c69d16bc84
https://www.echa.europa.eu/web/guest/information-on-chemicals/ec-inventory?p_p_id=disslists_WAR_disslistsportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=2&p_p_col_count=3&_disslists_WAR_disslistsportlet_javax.portlet.action=searchDissLists
https://www.foodpowa.com/additifs-aliments-risque-sante/
https://www.fourchette-et-bikini.fr/sante/10-additifs-a-bannir-de-son-alimentation-49049.html
https://www.frc.ch/toujours-trop-dadditifs/
https://www.guidechem.com/dictionary/fr/544-17-2.html
https://www.lecochonetleboeuf.fr/softbb_Additifs-alimentaires_3716_msg.html
https://www.lepointveterinaire.fr/dmv/consulter/L0295-/calciperl-cap.html
https://www.les-additifs-alimentaires.com/E238-formiate-de-calcium.php
https://www.lesbonnes.info/additifs-alimentaires/liste-noire/e238/
https://www.lesconseilsdupharmacien.info/liste-des-additifs-europeens/
https://www.orthodiet.org/fr/additifs-alimentaires
https://www.pnrpe.fr/additifs-alimentaires/conservateurs/e238-formiate-de-calcium/
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=141-53-7&interface=CAS%20No.&N=0&mode=partialmaxfocus=product&lang=fr&region=CA&focus=product&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIrMCA-rHS6wIVFGyGCh28JgicEAMYASAAEgJ2rfD_BwE
https://www.tous-les-additifs-alimentaires.com/additifs-alimentaires.php?additif=E238
Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) LICENSE HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. http://www.hmdb.ca/citing
Izat AL, Adams MH, Cabel MC, Colberg M, Reiber MA, Skinner JT and Waldroup PW, 1990. Effects of formic acid or calcium formate in feed on performance and microbiological characteristics of broilers. Poultry Science, 69, 1876–1882. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1974. Toxicological evaluation of some food additives including anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers, and thickening agents. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No 53. Available online: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v05je09.htm
JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1998. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Saturated aliphatic acyclic linear primary alcohols, alcohols, aldehydes and acids. WHO Food Additives Series, No 40. Available online: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v040je10.htm Johnson KA and Johnson DE, 1995. Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 2483–2492.
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives   (JECFA)
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) LICENSE Permission from WHO is not required for the use of WHO materials issued under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Intergovernmental Organization (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO) licence.
KEGG Pesticides http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08007.keg
Kirchgessner M and Roth FX, 1987. Use of formates in the feeding of piglets. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung, 40, 141–152 Kirchgessner M and Roth FX, 1989. Use of calcium formate in the fattening of pigs Landwirtschaftliche Forschung, 42, 150–156. Kirchgessner M and Roth FX, 1990. Nutritive effect of calcium formate in combination with free acids in the feeding of piglets. Agribiological Research, 43, 53–64.
Kirchgessner M, Gedek B, Wiehler S, Bott A, Eidelsburger U and Roth FX, 1992. Influence of formic acid, calcium formate and sodium bicarbonate on the microflora in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 68, 73–81.
Lawlor PG, Lynch PB and Caffrey PJ, 2006. Effect of fumaric acid, calcium formate and mineral levels in diets on the intake and growth performance of newly weaned pigs. Irish Journal of Agricultural Food Research, 45, 61–71.
Le lait, ni poison ni panacée http://www.passeportsante.net/fr/Actualites/Dossiers/ArticleComplementaire.aspx?doc=lait_intro_do#top
Le lait: l’aliment de la controverse http://www.passeportsante.net/fr/Actualites/Dossiers/DossierComplexe.aspx?doc=lait_do
Lenga, R.E., The Sigma-Aldrich library of chemical safety data. 2nd ed. Milwaukee : Sigma-Aldrich. (1988).
Lewis, R.J., Sr., Hawley’s condensed chemical dictionary. 14th ed. New York : John Wiley & Sons. (2001).   http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9780470114735
Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy increases the risk for fractures. Rumour. Pharmacist’s letter Jan 05, 2007 http://www.naturaldatabase.com/(S(byhftq45d5ulsv554v3lqm45))/pl/Rumor.aspx?s=PLC&cs=&st=1&li=1&rtid=147
Mark, H.F., Grayson, M. et Eckroth, D., Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 3rd ed. New York : Wiley. (1978-84). [RT-423004]
Masse molaire calculée d’après « Atomic weights of the elements 2007 » [archive], sur http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk.
McGartland CP, J Robson PJ, Murray LJ, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and bone mineral density: the Northern Ireland Young Hearts Project. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1019 –2. (article complet disponible via le lien)
McIntyre LH and Weston SJ, 2002. An investigation of the safety of oral calcium formate in dairy cows using clinical, biochemical and histopathological parameters. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 50(5), 195–198.
MeSH Tree http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html
Michael Ash, Irene Ash . Handbook of Preservatives. Synapse Information Resources, Inc. 2004. p. 311
Monograph on human exposure to chemicals in the workplace: Diphenyl. New York : Syracuse Research Corp. (1985). Microfiche : PB86-143450, SRC-TR-85-158
Mühlbauer RC, Lozano A, Reinli A, Wetli H. Various Selected Vegetables, Fruits, Mushrooms and Red Wine Residue Inhibit Bone Resorption in Rats. J Nutr 133: 3592–3597, 2003.
National Fire Protection Association, Fire protection guide on hazardous materials. 9th ed. Quincy, Mass. : NFPA. (1986).   http://www.nfpa.org/
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health et États-Unis. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Occupational health guidelines for chemical hazards. Vol. 1. Cincinnati : Centers for Disease Control. (1981-). DHSS-NIOSH 81-123. [RR-015002]   http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. 3 ed. Cincinnati, Ohio : NIOSH. (2007). [RM-514001]   https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-149/pdfs/2005-149.pdf
NCBI;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/linkout
NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) LICENSE Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source. https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse Natamycin https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C47634
New SA, Robins SP, Campbell MK, et al. Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health? Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:142–51. (article complet disponible via le lien)
NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2012. PubMed online scientific bibliography data. http://www.pubmed.gov.
Numéro index 601-042-00-8 dans le tableau 3.1 de l’annexe VI du règlement CE N° 1272/2008 [archive] (16 décembre 2008)
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2010. SIDS Initial Assessment Report for SIAM 26. Formic acid and Formates. Paris, France, 15–18 April 2008, 15 pp. Øverland M, Granli T, Kjos NP, Fjetland O, Steien SH and Stokstad M, 2000. Effect of dietary formates on growth performance, carcass traits, sensory quality, intestinal microflora, and stomach alterations in growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 78, 1875–1884.
O’Neil, M.J. et al., The Merck Index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, & biologicals. 15e éd. Cambridge, G.-B. : Royal Society of Chemistry. (2013). [RM-403001]   https://www.rsc.org/Merck-Index/
p://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/zh/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FMeetings%252FCX-711-49%252FCRD%252Ffa49%2BCRD%2B22x.pdf
Pallauf J and Hüter J, 1993. Studies on the influence of calcium formate on growth, digestibility of crude nutrients, nitrogen balance and calcium retention in weaned piglets, testing facility. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 43, 65–76.
PATENTSCOPE (WIPO) SID 394920530 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/394920530
Patt, Rudolf; Kordsachia, Othar; Süttinger, Richard; Ohtani, Yoshito; Hoesch, Jochen F.; Ehrler, Peter; Eichinger, Rudolf; Holik, Herbert; Hamm (2000). “Paper and Pulp”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
Patt, Rudolf; Kordsachia, Othar; Süttinger, Richard; Ohtani, Yoshito; Hoesch, Jochen F.; Ehrler, Peter; Eichinger, Rudolf; Holik, Herbert; Hamm (2000). “Paper and Pulp”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a18_545 
Patty, F.A., Patty’s industrial hygiene and toxicology. Vol. 2, 3rd ed. New York : John Wiley & Son. (1978).
Pohl SA, Caldwell DJ, Lee JT, Coppedge JR, Dunn-Horrocks SL, Stringfellow KD, Jessen K and Farnell MB, 2012. Effects of dietary calcium formate inclusion on broiler performance, skeletal development, and gut maturation. Journal Applied Poultry Research, 21, 311–317.
Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, O’Connell MA, et al. Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross-sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:1420–8. (article complet disponible via le lien)
PubChem CID2723810.
PubChem https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Ruth, J.H., «Odor thresholds and irritation levels of several chemical substances : a review.» American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 47, no. 3, p. 142. (1986). [AP-011953]
Sax, N.I., Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 7th ed. Toronto : Van Nostrand Reinhold. (1989). [RR-014005]
Science Citoyen » Dossier Additifs alimentaires
Scott DJ and van Vijk N, 2000. Comparison in dairy cattle of mucosal toxicity of calcium formate and calcium chloride in oil. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 48, 24–26. Torrallardona D, Conde R, Badiola I and Polo J, 2007.
Seppalainen, A.M. et Hakkinen, I., «Electrophysiological findings in diphenyl poisoning.» Journal of neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. Vol. 38, p. 248-252. (1975). [AP-044279]
Serfaty-Lacrosniere C, Wood RJ, Voytko D, et al. Hypochlorhydria from short-term omeprazole treatment does not inhibit intestinal absorption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium or zinc from food in humans. J Am Coll Nutr. 1995 Aug;14(4):364-8.
Timbo B, Koehler KM, Wolyniak C, Klontz KC. 2004. Sulfites – a Food and Drug Administration review of recalls and reported adverse events. J Food Prot. 67:pp.1806-1811.
Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Kiel DP. The acid-base hypothesis: diet and bone in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Eur J Nutr 2001;40:231–7.
US National Library of Medicine (NLM) » MeSH (Medical Subject Headings)
Verschueren, K., Handbook of environmental data on organic chemicals. 2nd ed.. New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.. (c1983).
Vervloet D., Pradal M., Birnbaum J. Koeppel M-C. Drug Allergy. Phadia. 2009 : 282-3
WebAdditifs  (les-additifs-alimentaires.com) ; Site privé d´ Y. Brunellière, auteur de « Décrypter les étiquettes alimentaires », aux éditions City.
Weiss, G., Hazardous Chemicals Data Book. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, N.J. : Noyes Data Corporation. (1986). [RR-015005]
WHO ATC LICENSE Use of all or parts of the material requires reference to the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Copying and distribution for commercial purposes is not allowed. Changing or manipulating the material is not allowed. https://www.whocc.no/copyright_disclaimer/ https://www.whocc.no/atc/
WIPO International Patent Classification http://www.wipo.int/classifications/ipc/
Wood RJ, Serfaty-Lacrosniere C. Gastric acidity, atrophic gastritis, and calcium absorption. Nutr Rev. 1992 Feb;50(2):33-40.
World Health Organization. International Program on Chemical Safety –Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives. www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v042je06.htm. Retrieved April 12, 2015
www.additifs-alimentaires.net