Le formaldéhyde (E)240 était listé comme conservateur au Codex alimentarius avant 2017. Il est aujourd’hui délisté.

Cependant il reste utilisé dans la fabrication de l’acide alginique et ses alginates (E400..405), des carraghénanes (E407, E407a) et l’héxamine (E239). Il peut être utilisé directement comme additif dans l’alimentation animale (hors bio).

Poison puissant dont l’utilisation dans la production alimentaire est interdite dans presque tous les pays du monde.

Largement utilisé aux États-Unis il est le polluant de l’air des maisons le plus rependus. L’une des utilisations les plus courantes du formaldéhyde aux États-Unis est la fabrication de résines urée-formaldéhyde, utilisées dans les panneaux de particules. Ce composé organique volatil (COV) est également très souvent présent dans les vêtements synthétiques, car il confère aux tissus leurs propriétés : infroissable, résistant et hydrofuge. Ceci en fait donc un des polluants les plus courants de nos intérieurs.

C’est un gaz hautement réactif que l’on trouve dans la combustion incomplète de substances carbonées ou d’hydrocarbures, il y en a dans la fumée des feux de forêt, dans les rejets d’automobiles et dans la fumée du tabac. Il est produit industriellement par oxydation de méthanol. Le formaldéhyde gazeux n’est pas disponible commercialement. Dans la très grande majorité des cas, il est produit et vendu sous forme de solutions aqueuses contenant de 25 à 56% de formaldéhyde et de 0,5 à 15% de méthanol.

Autres noms

Francais	Anglais
Formaldéhyde	Paraformaldehyde
Aldéhyde formique	Formalin
Formol	Methaldehyde
Méthanal	Methyl aldehyde
Formic aldehyde	Paraform
Paraform
Methanal
Formalin
Oxymethylene
Methylene oxide
Oxomethane
Methyl aldehyde

Fonction et caractéristiques

Conservateur. Désinfectants; Fixatifs

CARACTÉRISTIQUES

Préparé dans le commerce par oxydation catalytique en phase vapeur du méthanol en utilisant de l’air comme agent oxydant et de l’argent, du cuivre, de l’alumine ou du coke chauffés comme catalyseur. … Préparation de formaldéhyde stable en chauffant des polyoxyméthylènes de faible poids moléculaire avec du pentoxyde de diphosphore.

Utilisations

Le formaldéhyde est utilisé pour l’homme comme traitement du pied d’athlète, dans les pastilles contre la toux, les désinfectants cutanés, les bains de bouche, les crèmes spermaticides, comme désinfectant pour les vasectomies et les canaux radiculaires, et autrefois pour stériliser certains kystes avant l’ablation chirurgicale.

Utilisations détaillées

category	description
Absorbent	Agent for soaking up liquid (product use or application unknown)
Adhesive	General adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses
Adhesive, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Adhesive, consumer_use, detected	Chemicals detected in substances or products (note that these chemicals may be absent from an “ingredient list” for the product and thus unexpected, but have been detected in product testing studies)
Adhesive, hardener	Additive for products to promote hardening, used in paints and varnishes, plastics, etc.
Adhesive, water_based, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Adsorbent	Adhesion of molecules to a surface
Agricultural	Relating to agricultural, including the raising and farming of animals and growing of crops
Agricultural, animal	Related to animals (but non-veterinary) e.g., animal husbandry, farming of animals/animal production, raising of animals for food or fur, animal feed, products for household pets
Agricultural, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Agricultural, crop	Products used on crops, or related to the growing of crops
Antiadhesive	Used to prevent adhesion
Antifouling	General antifouling agents (application unknown), sometimes applied to paint and then indicated as such
Antifreezing	Antifreezing agents, or de-icing products
Antimicrobial	Type of pesticide used to destroy or inhibit the growth of disease-causing mechanisms, can be impregnated into clothing
Antisetoff	Spray powder used to make air gap between printed sheets of paper
Antistatic	For prevention and removal of static
Antiwrinkle	Antiwrinkle agents
Apparel	General term which includes clothes, shoes, backpacks/purses/luggage, jewelry, pet apparel, etc.
Apparel, baby_use, diaper	For use on babies
Apparel_care	Products used to care for apparel (e.g., she polish, products to repair footwear or leather, wterproofing sprays, etc.)
Aquaculture	Aquafarming, or the farming of aquatic organisms
Automotive	Generally related to automobiles or their manufacture, used when automotive_care or automotive_component are not applicable (e.g. auto fuel, GPS units), or detailed information is not known
Automotive_care	Relatived to the maintenance and repair of automobiles, products for cleaning and caring for automobiles (auto shampoo, polish/wax, undercarriage treatment, brake grease)
Automotive_care, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Automotive_component	Components of automobiles (e.g. gaskets, cavity seals, bearings, gears), accessories such as batteries or safety accessories, etc
Automotive_component, tires, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Baby_use, detected	Chemicals detected in substances or products (note that these chemicals may be absent from an “ingredient list” for the product and thus unexpected, but have been detected in product testing studies)
Beverage, food_service	Related to food and beverage service activities
Binding	Binding agents, used in paint, sand, etc
Binding, paint	Various types of paint for various uses, modifiers included when more information is known
Bleaching	General bleaching agents, bleaching agents for textiles (unclear if bleaching agents are for consumer or industrial use)
Building_construction	Related to the building or construction process for buildings or boats (includes activities such as plumbing and electrical work, bricklaying, etc)
Building_construction, boats	Related to the building or repair of ships, pleasure boats, or sporting boats
Building_construction, brick	Bricks or related to bricklaying/masonry
Building_construction, heating	Related to heating, such as heating systems, heating fuels, fireplaces, furnaces, radiators, boilers, etc
Building_construction, insulation	Insulating materials to protect from noise, cold, etc (such as used in homes or buildings), insulating materials related to electricity
Building_construction, plumbing	Plumbing, plumbing tools (home or industrial use)
Building_construction, roofing	Roofing materials or roofing activities
Building_material	Materials used in the building process, such as flooring, insulation, caulk, tile, wood, glass, etc.
Building_material, filler	Fillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc
Building_material, filler, hardener	Additive for products to promote hardening, used in paints and varnishes, plastics, etc.
Building_material, flooring	Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
Building_material, glass, colorant, detected	Chemicals detected in substances or products (note that these chemicals may be absent from an “ingredient list” for the product and thus unexpected, but have been detected in product testing studies)
Building_material, insulation	Insulating materials to protect from noise, cold, etc (such as used in homes or buildings), insulating materials related to electricity
Building_material, paving	Related to cement, concrete, or asphalt materials
Building_material, plastics	Plastic products, industry for plastics, manufacturing of plastics, plastic additives (modifiers included when known)
Building_material, viscous_liquid	Caulk, mortar, or putty compounds
Building_material, walls	Wall construction materials, or wall coverings
Building_material, wood	Wood used as a building material, wood preservatives
Casting_agent	Casting agents or molding compounds for plastics, sand, or metals
Ceramic	Related to ceramic products
Chemical, laboratory	Modifier used for chemical, when chemical is used in a laboratory
Child_use	Related to products specifically designed for children (e.g. toys, children’s cosmetics, etc)
Cigarettes	Chemicals in cigarettes, or tobacco related products, or related to the manufacturing of tobacco products
Cleaning_washing	Related to all forms of cleaning/washing, including cleaning products used in the home, laundry detergents, soaps, de-greasers, spot removers, etc
Cleaning_washing, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Cleaning_washing, detergent	Detergents with wide variety of applications
Cleaning_washing, disinfectant	General disinfectants/sanitizing agnets, disinfectants related to drugs (modified by “drug”), and disinfectants used in drinking water, or animal feed (modified by “drinking_water” and “feed”)
Cleaning_washing, drycleaning	Products or chemicals found or used in drycleaning establishments
Cleaning_washing, enclosed	Products used in an enclosed setting, such as boiler and tank cleansing agents, and drain cleaners
Cleaning_washing, flooring	Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
Cleaning_washing, fur	Related to the raising of fur animals, or fur products (such as fur apparel)
Cleaning_washing, glass	Glass or glass products (e.g. glass cleaning products), or the manufacture of glass
Cleaning_washing, kitchen, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Cleaning_washing, laundry, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Cleaning_washing, machines, dishwashing	Related to dishwashing products (soaps, rinsing agents, softeners, etc)
Cleaning_washing, machines, laundry	Laundry products (such as cleaning/washing agents), or laundry facilities
Cleaning_washing, textile	Textiles used for clothing or furniture upholstery, processes related to textiles (e.g. softeners, antiwrinkle agents), or the processing/manufacturing of textiles
Cleaning_washing, textile, detergent	Detergents with wide variety of applications
Cleaning_washing, toilets	Toilets, cleaning/sanitizing products for toilets
Cleaning_washing, tools, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Cleaning_washing, window	Used on windows (e.g. cleaning agents for windows)
Colorant	Term used for colorants, dyes, or pigments
Construction	General construction (as opposed to those things labeled building_construction)
Consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Consumer_use, detected	Chemicals detected in substances or products (note that these chemicals may be absent from an “ingredient list” for the product and thus unexpected, but have been detected in product testing studies)
Decor, candle, detected	Chemicals detected in substances or products (note that these chemicals may be absent from an “ingredient list” for the product and thus unexpected, but have been detected in product testing studies)
Detergent	Detergents with wide variety of applications
Disinfectant	General disinfectants/sanitizing agnets, disinfectants related to drugs (modified by “drug”), and disinfectants used in drinking water, or animal feed (modified by “drinking_water” and “feed”)
Drinking_water, food_contact, plastics	Plastic products, industry for plastics, manufacturing of plastics, plastic additives (modifiers included when known)
Drinking_water_contaminant, pesticide, detected	Chemicals detected in substances or products (note that these chemicals may be absent from an “ingredient list” for the product and thus unexpected, but have been detected in product testing studies)
Drug	Drug product, or related to the manufacturing of drugs
Drug, disinfectant	General disinfectants/sanitizing agnets, disinfectants related to drugs (modified by “drug”), and disinfectants used in drinking water, or animal feed (modified by “drinking_water” and “feed”)
Drug, fixative	Fixatives or fixing agents
Drug, inactive_ingredient	Pharmaceutical related
Drug, veterinary	Veterinary activities or veterinary drugs (modified by “drug”)
Electrical, insulation	Insulating materials to protect from noise, cold, etc (such as used in homes or buildings), insulating materials related to electricity
Electronics	Consumer electronic equipment of all types, including phones, computers, cameras etc. and related electronic componenets (motherboards, software, chargers)
Electronics, detected	Chemicals detected in substances or products (note that these chemicals may be absent from an “ingredient list” for the product and thus unexpected, but have been detected in product testing studies)
Embalming	Embalming (preserving human remains) fluids
Extermination, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Facility, apparel_care	Products used to care for apparel (e.g., she polish, products to repair footwear or leather, wterproofing sprays, etc.)
Facility, drycleaning, laundry	Laundry products (such as cleaning/washing agents), or laundry facilities
Facility, electronics, computer	Related to computers or the manufacturing of computers
Facility, food_production	Related to food production (restaurants, catering, etc)
Facility, food_service	Related to food and beverage service activities
Facility, fuel, automotive	Generally related to automobiles or their manufacture, used when automotive_care or automotive_component are not applicable (e.g. auto fuel, GPS units), or detailed information is not known
Facility, laundry	Laundry products (such as cleaning/washing agents), or laundry facilities
Facility, manufacturing, food, dairy	Related to dairy cattle, the operation of dairy facilities, or manufacture of dairy products
Facility, photographic	Related to photography, film, photographic equipment, photographic laboraties, photochemicals, and developing of photographs
Feed, animal	Related to animals (but non-veterinary) e.g., animal husbandry, farming of animals/animal production, raising of animals for food or fur, animal feed, products for household pets
Filler	Fillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc
Fishing	Related to the activity of fishing
Fixative	Fixatives or fixing agents
Flame_retardant	Fire prevention materials, or additives/coatings to prevent flammability in paints, textiles, plastics, etc
Fluid_property_modulator	Includes antifoaming agents, coagulating agents, dispersion agents, emulsifiers, flotation agents, foaming agents, viscosity adjustors, etc
Fluid_property_modulator, foaming_agent	Foaming agents
Fluid_property_modulator, foaming_agent, liquid	Modifier used when source specifically indicates a liquid
Food_additive	Includes spices, extracts, colorings, flavors, etc added to food for human consumption
Food_additive, flavor	General flavoring agents used in foods, including condiments and seasonings
Food_additive, preservatives	Includes preservatives used in cosmetics, film, wood preserving agents, foods, etc (note food preservatives are also indicated as food_additive)
Food_contact	Includes food packaging, paper plates, cutlery, small appliances such as roasters, etc.
Food_contact, plastics	Plastic products, industry for plastics, manufacturing of plastics, plastic additives (modifiers included when known)
Food_residue	Residues found in food, typically from drugs or pesticides
Food_service	Related to food and beverage service activities
Forestry	Related to forestry
Fragrance	Fragrances or odor agents, can be used in home products (cleaners, laundry products, air fresheners) or similar industrial products
Fuel	General fuels, fuel additives, motor/automotive fuels
Furniture, wood	Wood used as a building material, wood preservatives
Glass	Glass or glass products (e.g. glass cleaning products), or the manufacture of glass
Hardener	Additive for products to promote hardening, used in paints and varnishes, plastics, etc.
Heat_transferring	Heat transferring agents, unknown usage or application
Human_metabolite	Human metabolites
Hunting	Related to the activity of hunting
Impregnation	Impregnation materials and impregnation agents for various prodcts (wood, oils, grease, paper)
Impregnation, leather	Leather products, and products/chemicals used in the process of tanning and dressing leather
Impregnation, paper	Related to the manufcturing of pulp or paper products, or paper products in general
Impregnation, textile	Textiles used for clothing or furniture upholstery, processes related to textiles (e.g. softeners, antiwrinkle agents), or the processing/manufacturing of textiles
Impregnation, wood	Wood used as a building material, wood preservatives
Industrial	Term applied when source specifically indicates product is for industrial use, or use in the industrial sector
Industrial, adhesive	General adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses
Industrial, adhesive, powder	Modifier used when source indicates product is powder based
Industrial, adhesive, water_based	Modifier included when source indicates the product is water based
Industrial, cleaning_washing	Related to all forms of cleaning/washing, including cleaning products used in the home, laundry detergents, soaps, de-greasers, spot removers, etc
Industrial, cleaning_washing, laundry	Laundry products (such as cleaning/washing agents), or laundry facilities
Industrial, steam	Related to steam and hot water supply
Industrial_fluid	Industrial fluids such as hydraulic fluids, lubricating agents, functional fluids, etc
Industrial_manufacturing	NULL
Inhibitor	General inhibitors, application unknown
Lawn_garden	Products used outside the home (includes outdoor toys such as sandboxes, canopies and shelters, garden statues, outdoor lighting and seating, outdoor power equipment, etc
Lubricant	Generic lubricants, lubricants for engines, brake fluids, oils, etc (does not include personal care lubricants)
Manufacturing	If applied entry is related to the manufacturing process for the product, widely applied, modifiers often included (if not included, no additional information is known)
Manufacturing, TV	Televisions and their manufacture
Manufacturing, adhesive	General adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses
Manufacturing, agrochemical	Agricultural chemicals used on a variety of crops
Manufacturing, apparel	General term which includes clothes, shoes, backpacks/purses/luggage, jewelry, pet apparel, etc.
Manufacturing, apparel, clothing	General apparel intended to be worn by the consumer
Manufacturing, appliance, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Manufacturing, appliance, heating	Related to heating, such as heating systems, heating fuels, fireplaces, furnaces, radiators, boilers, etc
Manufacturing, automotive	Generally related to automobiles or their manufacture, used when automotive_care or automotive_component are not applicable (e.g. auto fuel, GPS units), or detailed information is not known
Manufacturing, automotive_component	Components of automobiles (e.g. gaskets, cavity seals, bearings, gears), accessories such as batteries or safety accessories, etc
Manufacturing, beverage	Beverages for human consumption (e.g., juice, water, alcohol), or related to beverages for human consumption (e.g. machinery for production of beverages, or facilities serving beverages)
Manufacturing, beverage, alcohol, beer	Alcoholic beverage for human consumption
Manufacturing, building_material	Materials used in the building process, such as flooring, insulation, caulk, tile, wood, glass, etc.
Manufacturing, building_material, paving	Related to cement, concrete, or asphalt materials
Manufacturing, building_material, wood	Wood used as a building material, wood preservatives
Manufacturing, casting_agent, metals, iron	Can be used with drug
Manufacturing, casting_agent, metals, steel	Casting of steel, steel production
Manufacturing, chemical	General term used only when the only information known from the source is “chemical,” typically related to manufacturing of chemicals, or laboratory chemicals
Manufacturing, cigarettes	Chemicals in cigarettes, or tobacco related products, or related to the manufacturing of tobacco products
Manufacturing, cleaning_washing, polish	Car wax/polish, floor wax, general polishing agents, polish for metals, plastics, rubber, lacquers, leather, furniture, etc
Manufacturing, colorant	Term used for colorants, dyes, or pigments
Manufacturing, container	Trash cans, steel drums, tanks, and reservoirs
Manufacturing, container, metals	Related to metals – manufacturing of metals, casting of metals, production of metals, surface treatment of metals, etc
Manufacturing, detergent	Detergents with wide variety of applications
Manufacturing, drug	Drug product, or related to the manufacturing of drugs
Manufacturing, drug, solvent	Paint removers, graffiti removers, or general solvents
Manufacturing, electrical	Related to electrical work (such as wiring of a building), electric current insulation materials, or other electrical components
Manufacturing, electronics	Consumer electronic equipment of all types, including phones, computers, cameras etc. and related electronic componenets (motherboards, software, chargers)
Manufacturing, electronics, computer	Related to computers or the manufacturing of computers
Manufacturing, equipment	General equipment that does not fall into another category (communication equipment, lifting and handling equipment)
Manufacturing, export	Related to manufacturing for export (additional information unknown)
Manufacturing, feed, animal	Related to animals (but non-veterinary) e.g., animal husbandry, farming of animals/animal production, raising of animals for food or fur, animal feed, products for household pets
Manufacturing, fertilizer	Fertilizer for consumer or industrial use, and manufacturing of fertilizers
Manufacturing, food	Food for human consumption, does not include food additives (see food_additive)
Manufacturing, food, cheese	Food for human consumption
Manufacturing, food, cooking_oils	Shortening, cooking oils, vegetable and animal oils and fats
Manufacturing, food, dairy	Related to dairy cattle, the operation of dairy facilities, or manufacture of dairy products
Manufacturing, food, fats	Margarine, animal fats, grease fat, etc.
Manufacturing, food, fish	Related to the processing and preserving of fish and fish products, production of fishmeal, smoking and salting of fish, etc.
Manufacturing, food, fruit	Related to fruit crops, or the processing or preserving of fruit
Manufacturing, food, grain	Growing of cereals, or manufacture of grain products, including malt
Manufacturing, food, meat	Related to the farming of meats (including cattle, poultry, swine), and the manufacturing of meat for human consumption
Manufacturing, food, vegetable	Processing and preserving of vegetables for human consumption
Manufacturing, fur	Related to the raising of fur animals, or fur products (such as fur apparel)
Manufacturing, furniture	Furniture, or the manufacturing of furniture (can include chairs and tables, and more general furniture such as mattresses, patio furniture, etc.)
Manufacturing, furniture, chairs	Related to chairs and seats
Manufacturing, furniture, chairs, textile	Textiles used for clothing or furniture upholstery, processes related to textiles (e.g. softeners, antiwrinkle agents), or the processing/manufacturing of textiles
Manufacturing, furniture, kitchen	Products used in the kitchen (includes kitchen furniture, kitchen cleaners, excludes appliances, food, or food contact items)
Manufacturing, furniture, office	Includes office supplies, school supplies, filing and storage equipment, office furniture, office machinery and equipment (when indicated by source, e.g. computers are not automatically also applied to office term)
Manufacturing, leather	Leather products, and products/chemicals used in the process of tanning and dressing leather
Manufacturing, leather, apparel, bags	Sub-category of apparel, including backpacks, purses, and luggage
Manufacturing, leather, apparel, footwear	Shoes, shoe care products, etc.
Manufacturing, leather, impregnation	Impregnation materials and impregnation agents for various prodcts (wood, oils, grease, paper)
Manufacturing, machines	Manufacturing of or related to machinery, for production of cement or food, air/spacescraft machinery, electrical machinery, etc
Manufacturing, machines, agricultural	Relating to agricultural, including the raising and farming of animals and growing of crops
Manufacturing, machines, electrical	Related to electrical work (such as wiring of a building), electric current insulation materials, or other electrical components
Manufacturing, machines, forestry	Related to forestry
Manufacturing, machines, medical	General medical instruments or medical facilities, spectacle lenses and optical instruments
Manufacturing, metals	Related to metals – manufacturing of metals, casting of metals, production of metals, surface treatment of metals, etc
Manufacturing, metals, iron	Can be used with drug
Manufacturing, metals, steel	Casting of steel, steel production
Manufacturing, minerals	Non-metallic mineral products and their manufacture
Manufacturing, oil	Crude oil, crude petroleum, refined oil products, fuel oils, drilling oils
Manufacturing, paint	Various types of paint for various uses, modifiers included when more information is known
Manufacturing, paper	Related to the manufcturing of pulp or paper products, or paper products in general
Manufacturing, paper, chemical	General term used only when the only information known from the source is “chemical,” typically related to manufacturing of chemicals, or laboratory chemicals
Manufacturing, personal_care	Personal care products, including cosmetics, shampoos, perfumes, soaps, lotions, toothpastes, etc
Manufacturing, personal_care, cosmetics, perfume	Fragrance used as a personal care product
Manufacturing, personal_care, cosmetics, shampoo, hair	General products related to the hair (hair tools, hair salons, shampoo, conditioner, hair dye)
Manufacturing, personal_care, toothpaste	Toothpaste, used for cleaning teeth
Manufacturing, pesticide	Substances used for preventing, destroying or mitigating pests
Manufacturing, plastics	Plastic products, industry for plastics, manufacturing of plastics, plastic additives (modifiers included when known)
Manufacturing, radio	Radios (communication device)
Manufacturing, raw_material	Raw materials used in a variety of products and industries (e.g. in cosmetics, chemical manufacturing, production of metals, etc)
Manufacturing, rubber	Rubber products (e.g. tires) and their manufacture
Manufacturing, soap	Soaps, includes personal care products for cleansing the hands or body, and soaps/detergents for cleaning products, homes, etc
Manufacturing, textile	Textiles used for clothing or furniture upholstery, processes related to textiles (e.g. softeners, antiwrinkle agents), or the processing/manufacturing of textiles
Manufacturing, textile, colorant	Term used for colorants, dyes, or pigments
Metals, cooling_agent	Cooling agents, specific application unknown
Paint	Various types of paint for various uses, modifiers included when more information is known
Paint, antifouling	General antifouling agents (application unknown), sometimes applied to paint and then indicated as such
Paint, automotive_care	Relatived to the maintenance and repair of automobiles, products for cleaning and caring for automobiles (auto shampoo, polish/wax, undercarriage treatment, brake grease)
Paint, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Paint, filler	Fillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc
Paint, flooring	Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
Paint, furniture	Furniture, or the manufacturing of furniture (can include chairs and tables, and more general furniture such as mattresses, patio furniture, etc.)
Paint, hardener	Additive for products to promote hardening, used in paints and varnishes, plastics, etc.
Paint, pesticide, impregnation	Impregnation materials and impregnation agents for various prodcts (wood, oils, grease, paper)
Paint, volatile_organic	Volatile and semivolative organic compounds
Paint, water_based	Modifier included when source indicates the product is water based
Paper	Related to the manufcturing of pulp or paper products, or paper products in general
Personal care: eye makeup	Miscellaneous cosmetic eye products including lash adhesives and tints
Personal_care	Personal care products, including cosmetics, shampoos, perfumes, soaps, lotions, toothpastes, etc
Personal_care, cosmetics	Subcategory of personal_care, includes fragrances, shampoos, make-up, etc.
Personal_care, cosmetics, eye	General term for personal care products related to the eye (e.g. eye care products)
Personal_care, cosmetics, face	Personal care products used on the face (includes facial treatments, oil and blemish control, make-up removers, facial cleansers)
Personal_care, cosmetics, fragrance	Fragrances or odor agents, can be used in home products (cleaners, laundry products, air fresheners) or similar industrial products
Personal_care, cosmetics, hair	General products related to the hair (hair tools, hair salons, shampoo, conditioner, hair dye)
Personal_care, cosmetics, hair_dye, colorant	Term used for colorants, dyes, or pigments
Personal_care, cosmetics, hand, cream	Personal care products, including scouring cream, hand creams, shaving cream, and tanning cream
Personal_care, cosmetics, lotion	Subcategory of personal care and cosmetics, lotions and moisturizers for consumer use
Personal_care, cosmetics, nails, detected	Chemicals detected in substances or products (note that these chemicals may be absent from an “ingredient list” for the product and thus unexpected, but have been detected in product testing studies)
Personal_care, cosmetics, perfume	Fragrance used as a personal care product
Personal_care, cosmetics, preservatives	Includes preservatives used in cosmetics, film, wood preserving agents, foods, etc (note food preservatives are also indicated as food_additive)
Personal_care, cosmetics, restricted_ASEAN	Chemicals on lists subject to restrictions of use (i.e. some use allowed, but use is limited) in the ASEAN countries (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
Personal_care, cosmetics, restricted_Europe	Chemicals on lists subject to restrictions of use (i.e. some use allowed, but use is limited) in Europe
Personal_care, cosmetics, restricted_UK	Chemicals on lists subject to restrictions of use (i.e. some use allowed, but use is limited) in the United Kingdom
Personal_care, cosmetics, shampoo, hair	General products related to the hair (hair tools, hair salons, shampoo, conditioner, hair dye)
Personal_care, cosmetics, skin	Personal care products indicated for use on the skin (note applied when source indicates “skin”)
Personal_care, foot	Related to foot care (e.g. personal care products for feet)
Personal_care, shower, gel	Personal care products indicated in gel form
Personal_care, soap	Soaps, includes personal care products for cleansing the hands or body, and soaps/detergents for cleaning products, homes, etc
Personal_care, tools	Includes tools used for personal care (e.g. razors, hair dryer, curling iron), tools used for cleaning (mops, brooms), kitchen utensils, power tools (saws, lawn mower), screwdrivers, etc
Personal_care, wash, body	Personal care products for general use on the body (body makeup, body powder, body treatments, body cleansers)
Personal_care, wash, hand	Personal care products used on the hands, such as soaps, lotions, sanitizers (does not include handwear, i.e. gloves)
Pesticide	Substances used for preventing, destroying or mitigating pests
Pesticide, active_ingredient	Active ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with “pesticide”)
Pesticide, antimicrobial	Type of pesticide used to destroy or inhibit the growth of disease-causing mechanisms, can be impregnated into clothing
Pesticide, antimicrobial, active_ingredient	Active ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with “pesticide”)
Pesticide, bactericide	Type of pesticide that kills bacteria
Pesticide, biocide, active_ingredient	Active ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with “pesticide”)
Pesticide, biocide, non_agricultural	Pesticide for non agricultural use
Pesticide, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Pesticide, food_additive	Includes spices, extracts, colorings, flavors, etc added to food for human consumption
Pesticide, fungicide	Chemical used to kill or inhibit fungi growth
Pesticide, herbicide	Weedkiller, type of pesticide (also included as a drug??)
Pesticide, inert_ingredient	Inert ingredients in a pesticide
Pesticide, preservatives	Includes preservatives used in cosmetics, film, wood preserving agents, foods, etc (note food preservatives are also indicated as food_additive)
Pesticides: insect repellent
Pesticides: insect repellent
Petrochemical	Related to petroleum products or petrochemical manufacturing, or petroleum refineries
Photographic	Related to photography, film, photographic equipment, photographic laboraties, photochemicals, and developing of photographs
Plastics	Plastic products, industry for plastics, manufacturing of plastics, plastic additives (modifiers included when known)
Plastics, filler	Fillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc
Plastics, hardener	Additive for products to promote hardening, used in paints and varnishes, plastics, etc.
Plastics, softener	Softeners for plastic, rubber, paint, or adhesives, or generic “softeners”
Polish	Car wax/polish, floor wax, general polishing agents, polish for metals, plastics, rubber, lacquers, leather, furniture, etc
Polish, apparel_care, footwear	Shoes, shoe care products, etc.
Polish, automotive_care	Relatived to the maintenance and repair of automobiles, products for cleaning and caring for automobiles (auto shampoo, polish/wax, undercarriage treatment, brake grease)
Polish, flooring	Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
Polish, furniture	Furniture, or the manufacturing of furniture (can include chairs and tables, and more general furniture such as mattresses, patio furniture, etc.)
Polish, leather	Leather products, and products/chemicals used in the process of tanning and dressing leather
Polish, metals	Related to metals – manufacturing of metals, casting of metals, production of metals, surface treatment of metals, etc
Power_generation	Related to the production and distribution of electricity
Preservatives	Includes preservatives used in cosmetics, film, wood preserving agents, foods, etc (note food preservatives are also indicated as food_additive)
Printing	Related to the process of printing (newspapers, books media, etc), printing inks, toners, etc
Printing, colorant	Term used for colorants, dyes, or pigments
Printing, handheld	Handheld consumer products, such as cameas, mobile phones, newspapers, flashlights
Printing, ink	Inks used for printing or writing
Printing, ink, colorant	Term used for colorants, dyes, or pigments
Printing, ink, textile	Textiles used for clothing or furniture upholstery, processes related to textiles (e.g. softeners, antiwrinkle agents), or the processing/manufacturing of textiles
Printing, ink, water_based, colorant	Term used for colorants, dyes, or pigments
Process_regulator	Accelerators, activators, oxidation agents, reducing agents, etc
Propellant, spray	Modifier included when source indicates the product is in spray form
Raw_material	Raw materials used in a variety of products and industries (e.g. in cosmetics, chemical manufacturing, production of metals, etc)
Raw_material, drug	Drug product, or related to the manufacturing of drugs
Raw_material, personal_care, cosmetics	Subcategory of personal_care, includes fragrances, shampoos, make-up, etc.
Raw_material, plastics	Plastic products, industry for plastics, manufacturing of plastics, plastic additives (modifiers included when known)
Raw_material, rubber	Rubber products (e.g. tires) and their manufacture
Resource_extraction, gas	Related to fracking, natural gas, industrial gases
Resource_extraction, oil	Crude oil, crude petroleum, refined oil products, fuel oils, drilling oils
Rubber	Rubber products (e.g. tires) and their manufacture
Rubber_processing	Vulcanizing agents and rubberizing materials
Seal_material	Generic sealing compounds – unknown wha type of “sealing” is done
Sewage_treatment	Relating to the disposal and/or treatment of sewage
Softener	Softeners for plastic, rubber, paint, or adhesives, or generic “softeners”
Solvent	Paint removers, graffiti removers, or general solvents
Spray	Products for repelling insects from skin (spray or aerosol formulation specified)
Stabilizer	General stabilizers, application unknown
Surface_treatment	Surface treatments for metals, hardening agents, corrosion inhibitors, polishing agents, rust inhibitors, water repellants, etc (surfaces to be applied to often not indicated in source description)
Surface_treatment, metals	Related to metals – manufacturing of metals, casting of metals, production of metals, surface treatment of metals, etc
Surface_treatment, paper	Related to the manufcturing of pulp or paper products, or paper products in general
Surfactant	Compound which lowers surface tension
Taxidermy	Taxidermy fluids
Textile	Textiles used for clothing or furniture upholstery, processes related to textiles (e.g. softeners, antiwrinkle agents), or the processing/manufacturing of textiles
Textile, consumer_use, detected	Chemicals detected in substances or products (note that these chemicals may be absent from an “ingredient list” for the product and thus unexpected, but have been detected in product testing studies)
Textile, filler	Fillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc
Textile, furniture, chairs	Related to chairs and seats
Tools, consumer_use	Term applied when the only information the source indicates is “consumer” or “consumer product”
Toxic	Toxic substances
Toys, child_use, detected	Chemicals detected in substances or products (note that these chemicals may be absent from an “ingredient list” for the product and thus unexpected, but have been detected in product testing studies)
Transportation	Transportation products
Veterinary	Veterinary activities or veterinary drugs (modified by “drug”)
Water_treatment	Includes water softeners, lime removers, and the products used in the process of the collection, purification, and distribution of water
Wood, impregnation	Impregnation materials and impregnation agents for various prodcts (wood, oils, grease, paper)
Wood, preservatives	Includes preservatives used in cosmetics, film, wood preserving agents, foods, etc (note food preservatives are also indicated as food_additive)
Writing	Materials and agents for writing, including correction materials, writing inks
Writing, ink	Inks used for printing or writing

Toxicité

Le formaldéhyde est très toxique chez tous les animaux, l’ingestion de 30 ml d’une solution à 37% de concentration peut être létale pour un homme.

Classé cancérigène de ‘Groupe 1’ au Centre International de Recherches sur le Cancer (CIRC) et ‘Connu pour être cancérigène chez l’homme‘ au National Toxicology Program américain (NTP).

Les risques

Très nombreux effets mutagènes, génotoxiques et reprotoxiques démontrés.

Officiellement, l’EFSA européenne ne reporte pas de préoccupation toxicologique, le justifiant par des dosages estimés faibles.

GHS Hazard Statements

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral] H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal] H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation] H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin] H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation] H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity] H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

Precautionary Statement Codes

P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P281, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P311, P312, P321, P322, P330, P333+P313, P361, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.)

Effets secondaires

EPA: cancérogène probable pour l’homme, basé sur des preuves limitées chez l’homme et des preuves suffisantes chez les animaux. IARC: cancérogène pour l’homme. NTP: On s’attend raisonnablement à ce qu’il soit un cancérogène pour l’homme

RÉSIDUS AUTORISÉS (dits Critères de pureté)

Le formaldéhyde se trouve naturellement dans les aliments jusqu’à des niveaux de 300 à 400 mg / kg, y compris les fruits et légumes (p. Ex. Poire, pomme, oignon vert), viandes, poissons (p. Ex. Canard de Bombay, morue), crustacés et champignons séchés, etc. L’ingestion d’une petite quantité de formaldéhyde NATUREL est peu susceptible de provoquer un effet aigu.

Canada

Dosage maximum dans les produits transformés

Non autorisé

Liste des agents de conservation autorisés (Listes des additifs alimentaires autorisés) (Canada)

Non listé

Liste des additifs alimentaires autorisés ayant d’autres utilisations acceptées(Canada)

Non listé

DSL – Liste intérieure des substances (Canada)

Non listé

Liste des Produits chimiques préoccupants

Au Canada, le formaldéhyde sert principalement à la production de résines et d’engrais ainsi qu’à diverses utilisations mineures. Le formaldéhyde pénètre dans l’environnement canadien à partir de sources naturelles (y compris les incendies de forêt) et de sources humaines directes, comme les véhicules à moteur et d’autres utilisations sur place faisant appel à la combustion de carburants et à des procédés industriels. L’oxydation des composés organiques naturels et anthropiques présents dans l’air peut aussi donner lieu à la formation secondaire de formaldéhyde. Même s’il n’existe pas d’estimations quantitatives à ce sujet, il est probable que les rejets provenant de sources naturelles et secondaires au Canada sont plus considérables que les rejets humains directs. Toutefois, c’est au voisinage des sources anthropiques que les concentrations les plus élevées de formaldéhyde ont été mesurées dans l’environnement, et elles sont des plus préoccupantes pour l’exposition des humains et d’autres organismes vivants.

Pour les États-Unis

Statut des additifs alimentaires FDA

Formalin – FUNG, REG, Utilisation : Dans l’eau de saumon, truite, achigan à grande bouche, poisson-chat et crapet bleu – 529.1030; Voir aussi formaldéhyde

Liste des substances ajoutées aux aliments Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS)

Substance	FORMALDEHYDE
Used for (Technical Effect)	FUMIGANT
Document Number (21 CFR)	173.340 175.105 175.210 175.300 176.170 176.180 176.200 177.1200 177.2410 178.3120

Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances

PARAFORMALDEHYDE

Consult the regulation(s) cited below to see if your substance is authorized for your intended use.

CAS Reg. No. (or other ID)*:	30525-89-4
Other Names:	PARAFORMALDEHYDE POLYOXYMETHYLENE ACL
Regulations in 21 CFR*:	175.105 176.170 177.1210

OTC Active Ingredients

UNII Code	Active Ingredient	Monograph
1HG84L3525	formaldehyde solution	relief of oral discomfort

DrugPortal

Listé EINECS(European INventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances)

Formaldehyde

Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA)

Fema number	Substance S-METHYL THIOACETATE
3878	B/5-(METHYLTHIO)METHANE 2-Ketoglutaric acid Methane, bis(methylthio)- 3892 2-0X0-3-PHENYLPROPIONIC ACID 2,4-Dithiopentane 3-Phenylpyruvic acid Bis[methylmercapto]methane Formaldehyde dimethyl dithioacetal 3-Phenyl-2-oxopropanoic acid Formaldehyde dimethyl mercaptal 3893 2-PENTYL BUTYRATE Methylene bis[methyl sulfide] Butanoic acid, 1 -methylbutyl ester Thioformaldehyde dimethyl aceta

Avantages

A température ambiante le formaldéhyde est un gaz, cependant très soluble dans l’eau, l’alcool, l’acétone. Le terme de formol désigne simplement du formaldéhyde dilué dans l’eau.

Le formaldéhyde possède des propriétés biocides, de fixateur, d’intermédiaire de synthèse et de conservateur, propriétés très recherchées dans pratiquement tous les secteurs de fabrication d’une économie moderne.

Source de l’additif

Le formaldéhyde est synthétisé à partir de méthanol.

Origine

Le formaldéhyde est un gaz incolore à forte odeur désagréable. Parfaitement soluble dans l’eau. Une solution aqueuse de formaldéhyde est appelée “formol”.

Végétale

Non

Animale

Non

Minérale

Non

Synthétique

Oui

Convient aux régimes

Végétarien	Oui	Végétalien	Oui	Hallal	Oui	Kosher	Oui
Biologique	Non	Sans gluten	Oui	Sans noix	Oui	Sans œufs	Oui

Autorisé dans les pays suivants

Country	Status	Matched Term
États-Unis	Approved	Formaldehyde (paraformaldehyde)

Utilisation restreinte

Country	Status	Matched Term
Philippines	Matching Terms Not Found

Utilisation interdite

Autriche	Not Permitted
Belgique	Not Permitted
Bulgarie	Not Permitted
Chypre	Not Permitted
République tchèque	Not Permitted
Danemark	Not Permitted
Estonie	Not Permitted
Finlande	Not Permitted
France	Not Permitted
Allemagne	Not Permitted
Grèce	Not Permitted
Hongrie	Not Permitted
Irlande	Not Permitted
Italie	Not Permitted
Lettonie	Not Permitted
Lituanie	Not Permitted
Luxembourg	Not Permitted
Malte	Not Permitted
Pays-Bas	Not Permitted
Pologne	Not Permitted
Portugal	Not Permitted
Roumanie	Not Permitted
Slovaquie	Not Permitted
Slovénie	Not Permitted
Espagne	Not Permitted
Suède	Not Permitted
Royaume-Uni	Not Permitted
Australie	Not Permitted
Nouvelle-Zélande	Not Permitted

Spécification technique

• CAS  50-00-0
• Formule moléculaire;  HCHO ou CH2O
• EINECS Number: 200-001-8

Additifs similaires

Conservateurs	Conservateurs	Conservateurs	Conservateurs
E202	E220	E250	E211
Sorbate de potassium	Dioxyde de soufre	Nitrite de sodium	Benzoate de sodium

Ou peut-on retrouvé

Selon Wikipédia, le formaldéhyde ou formol (nom généralement réservé aux solutions aqueuses) n’est pas limité à l’alimentation transformée puisqu’on le trouve aussi comme :

• Conservateur dans les vaccins toxoïdes (anti-grippe, anti-hépatite A, par ex.);
• Produits cosmétiques ;
• Dentisterie, produits d’obturation des canaux de dents dévitalisées ;
• Fixateur et conservateur de cadavres d’animaux ou d’humains ;
• Désinfectant, notamment en médecine vétérinaire (pédiluves de désinfection) ;
• Pour assécher ou tuer la peau (traitement médical des verrues par exemple) ;
• Dans la production de nombreux autres produits chimiques ….

Toujours selon Wikipédia, de petites quantités de méthanal seraient produites par le métabolisme de la plupart des organismes, dont l’organisme humain. Ce serait aussi un des polluants les plus répandus de l’air intérieur des habitations et lieux fermés de travail.

Aliments associés

Cette section fournit les aliments associés qui contiennent le composé en tant qu’ingrédient, saveur ou autres aspects.

1. Angelica	1. Angélique
2. Lemon verbena	2. Verveine citronnée
3. Lovage	3. Livèche
4. Flaxseed	4. Graines de lin
5. Mexican oregano	5. Origan mexicain
6. Herbal tea	6. Tisane
7. Lichee	7. Lichee
8. Lupine	8. Lupin
9. Apple	9. Pomme
10. Mango	10. Mangue
11. German camomile	11. Camomille allemande
12. Lemon balm	12. Mélisse
13. Mentha	13. Mentha
14. Cashew nut	14. Noix de cajou
15. Orange mint	15. Menthe orange
16. Cornmint	16. Menthe de maïs
17. Spearmint	17. Menthe verte
18. Peppermint	18. Menthe poivrée
19. Medlar	19. Néflier
20. Bitter gourd	20. Gourde amère
21. Mulberry	21. Mûrier
22. Black mulberry	22. Mûrier noir
23. Nutmeg	23. Noix de muscade
24. Sweet basil	24. Basilic doux
25. Pineapple	25. Ananas
26. Evening primrose	26. Onagre
27. Olive	27. Olive
28. Sweet marjoram	28. Marjolaine douce
29. Pot marjoram	29. Marjolaine en pot
30. Common oregano	30. Origan commun
31. Rice	31. Riz
32. Millet	32. Millet
33. Poppy	33. Coquelicot
34. Passion fruit	34. Fruit de la passion
35. Parsnip	35. Panais
36. Dill	36. Aneth
37. Avocado	37. Avocat
38. Parsley	38. Persil
39. Scarlet bean	39. Haricot rouge
40. Lima bean	40. Haricot de Lima
41. Common bean	41. Haricot commun
42. Date	42. Date
43. Black chokeberry	43. Aronia noir
44. Anise	44. Anis
45. Pine nut	45. Pignon de pin
46. Pepper (Spice)	46. ​​Poivre (épice)
47. Custard apple	47. Pomme à la crème
48. Pistachio	48. Pistache
49. Common pea	49. Pois commun
50. Purslane	50. Pourpier
51. Prunus (Cherry, Plum)	51. Prunus (cerise, prune)
52. Apricot	52. Abricot
53. Sweet cherry	53. Cerise douce
54. Sour cherry	54. Cerise aigre
55. European plum	55. Prune européenne
56. Almond	56. Amande
57. Peach	57. Pêche
58. Wild celery	58. Céleri sauvage
59. Guava	59. Goyave
60. Pomegranate	60. Grenade
61. Pear	61. Poire
62. Radish	62. Radis
63. Garden rhubarb	63. Rhubarbe des jardins
64. Blackcurrant	64. Cassis
65. Redcurrant	65. Groseille
66. Gooseberry	66. Groseille à maquereau
67. Watercress	67. Cresson
68. Rosemary	68. Romarin
69. Peanut	69. Arachide
70. Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry)	70. Rubus (mûre, framboise)
71. Cloudberry	71. Cloudberry
72. Red raspberry	72. Framboise rouge
73. Black raspberry	73. Framboise noire
74. Sorrel	74. Oseille
75. Common sage	75. Sauge commune
76. Black elderberry	76. Sureau noir
77. Summer savory	77. Sariette d’été
78. Winter savory	78. Salée d’hiver
79. Rye	79. Seigle
80. Burdock	80. Bardane
81. Sesame	81. Sésame
82. Garden tomato	82. Tomate du jardin
83. Cherry tomato	83. Tomate cerise
84. Garden tomato (var.)	84. Tomate du jardin (var.)
85. Eggplant	85. Aubergine
86. Potato	86. Pomme de terre
87. Rowanberry	87. Rowanberry
88. Sorghum	88. Sorgho
89. Spinach	89. Épinards
90. Cloves	90. Clou de girofle
91. Horseradish	91. Raifort
92. Tamarind	92. Tamarin
93. Dandelion	93. Pissenlit
94. Cocoa bean	94. Fève de cacao
95. Common thyme	95. Thym commun
96. Linden	96. Tilleul
97. Small-leaf linden	97. Tilleul à petites feuilles
98. Fenugreek	98. Fenugrec
99. Common wheat	99. Blé tendre
100. Vaccinium (Blueberry, Cranberry, Huckleberry)	100. Vaccinium (myrtille, canneberge, airelle)
101. Lowbush blueberry	101. Bleuet nain
102. Tarragon	102. Estragon
103. Sparkleberry	103. Sparkleberry
104. Highbush blueberry	104. Bleuet en corymbe
105. American cranberry	105. Canneberge américaine
106. Bilberry	106. Myrtille
107. Lingonberry	107. Airelle
108. Vanilla	108. Vanille
109. Common verbena	109. Verveine commune
110. Broad bean	110. Haricot large
111. Adzuki bean	111. Haricot Adzuki
112. Gram bean	112. Haricot Gram
113. Savoy cabbage	113. Chou de Savoie
114. Mugwort	114. Armoise
115. Mung bean	115. Haricot mungo
116. Climbing bean	116. Haricot grimpant
117. Cowpea	117. Niébé
118. Muscadine grape	118. Raisin muscadine
119. Common grape	119. Raisin commun
120. Corn	120. Maïs
121. Ginger	121. Gingembre
122. Arctic blackberry	122. Mûre arctique
123. Banana	123. Banane
124. Bayberry	124. Bayberry
125. Asparagus	125. Asperges
126. Elliott’s blueberry	126. Myrtille d’Elliott
127. Canada blueberry	127. Bleuet du Canada
128. Bog bilberry	128. Myrtille des marais
129. Buffalo currant	129. Cassis de buffle
130. Celeriac	130. Céleri-rave
131. Celery stalks	131. Tiges de céleri
132. Chinese chives	132. Ciboulette chinoise
133. European cranberry	133. Canneberge européenne
134. Deerberry	134. Cerise a chevreuil
135. Ginseng	135. Ginseng
136. Oat	136. Avoine
137. Cascade huckleberry	137. Airelle des Cascade
138. Oval-leaf huckleberry	138. Airelle à feuilles ovales
139. Evergreen huckleberry	139. Airelle à feuilles persistantes
140. Red huckleberry	140. Airelle rouge
141. Longan	141. Longan
142. Macadamia nut (M. tetraphylla)	142. Noix de macadamia (M. tetraphylla)
143. Garden onion (var.)	143. Oignon potager (var.)
144. Summer grape	144. Raisin d’été
145. Fox grape	145. Raisin de renard
146. Nectarine	146. Nectarine
147. Star fruit	147. Carambole
148. Peach (var.)	148. Pêche (var.)
149. Pepper (C. baccatum)	149. Poivre (C. baccatum)
150. Pepper (C. chinense)	150. Poivre (C. chinense)
151. Pepper (Capsicum)	151. Poivre (Capsicum)
152. Rambutan	152. Ramboutan
153. Red rice	153. Riz rouge
154. Annual wild rice	154. Riz sauvage annuel
155. Swiss chard	155. Bette à carde
156. Lemon thyme	156. Thym citron
157. Tronchuda cabbage	157. Chou tronchuda
158. Brazil nut	158. Noix du Brésil
159. Japanese walnut	159. Noyer japonais
160. Welsh onion	160. Oignon gallois
161. Hard wheat	161. Blé dur
162. Shallot	162. Échalote
163. Rocket salad	163. Salade de roquette
164. Carrot	164. Carotte
165. Triticale	165. Triticale
166. Black cabbage	166. Chou noir
167. Half-highbush blueberry	167. Bleuet en demi-corymbe
168. Celery leaves	168. Feuilles de céleri
169. Common beet	169. Betterave commune
170. Chicory leaves	170. Feuilles de chicorée
171. Komatsuna	171. Komatsuna
172. Pak choy	172. Pak choy
173. Napa cabbage	173. Chou Napa
174. Chicory roots	174. Racines de chicorée
175. Grapefruit/Pummelo hybrid	175. Hybride Pamplemousse / Pummelo
176. Grapefruit	176. Pamplemousse
177. Jostaberry	177. Jostaberry
178. Kai-lan	178. Kai-lan
179. Italian oregano	179. Origan italien
180. Borage	180. Bourrache
181. Oxheart cabbage	181. Chou cœur de bœuf
182. Daikon radish	182. Radis Daikon
183. Black radish	183. Radis noir
184. Radish (var.)	184. Radis (var.)
185. Red beetroot	185. Betterave rouge
186. Sweet rowanberry	186. Sorbier sucré
187. Pineappple sage	187. Sauge ananas
188. Skunk currant	188. Skunk groseille
189. Other bread	189. Autre pain
190. Chinese mustard	190. Moutarde chinoise
191. Breakfast cereal	191. Céréales pour petit-déjeuner
192. Other soy product	192. Autre produit à base de soja
193. Other cereal product	193. Autres produits céréaliers
194. Pasta	194. Pâtes
195. Biscuit	195. Biscuit
196. Sourdough	196. Levain
197. Swede	197. Suédois
198. Abalone	198. Abalone
199. Abiyuch	199. Abiyuch
200. Acerola	200. Acérola
201. Acorn	201. Gland
202. Winter squash	202. Courge d’hiver
203. Agar	203. Agar
204. Alfalfa	204. Luzerne
205. Allspice	205. Piment de la Jamaïque
206. Amaranth	206. Amarante
207. Rape	207. Colza
208. Arrowhead	208. Arrowhead
209. Arrowroot	209. Amaranthe
210. Asian pear	210. Poire asiatique
211. Atlantic herring	211. Hareng de l’Atlantique
212. Bamboo shoots	212. Pousses de bambou
213. Silver linden	213. Tilleul argenté
214. Common cabbage	214. Chou commun
215. Beech nut	215. Noix de l’hêtre
216. Cauliflower	216. Chou-fleur
217. Breadfruit	217. Fruit à pain
218. Breadnut tree seed	218. Graine d’arbre à pain
219. Rapini	219. Rapini
220. Burbot	220. Lotte
221. Giant butterbur	221. Pétasite géant
222. American butterfish	222. Butterfish américain
223. Brussel sprouts	223. Choux de Bruxelles
224. Butternut	224. Noyer cendré
225. Butternut squash	225. Courge musquée
226. Calabash	226. Calebasse
227. Cardoon	227. Cardon
228. Natal plum	228. Prune Natal
229. Carob	229. Caroube
230. Cassava	230. Manioc
231. Kohlrabi	231. Chou-rave
232. Chayote	232. Chayote
233. Cherimoya	233. Cherimoya
234. Chervil	234. Cerfeuil
235. Chia	235. Chia
236. Chinese broccoli	236. Brocoli chinois
237. Chinese chestnut	237. Châtaigne de Chine
238. Chinese water chestnut	238. Châtaigne d’eau de Chine
239. Garland chrysanthemum	239. Chrysanthème guirlande
240. Broccoli	240. Brocoli
241. Coconut	241. Noix de coco
242. Corn salad	242. Salade de maïs
243. Cottonseed	243. Graines de coton
244. Catjang pea	244. Pois Catjang
245. Malus (Crab apple)	245. Malus (pomme de crabe)
246. Squashberry	246. Courge
247. Chinese cabbage	247. Chou chinois
248. Devilfish	248. Devilfish
249. Dock	249. Quai
250. Turnip	250. Navet
251. Durian	251. Durian
252. Elderberry	252. Sureau
253. Oregon yampah	253. Oregon yampah
254. European chestnut	254. Châtaignier européen
255. Pigeon pea	255. Pois d’Angole
256. Fireweed	256. Épilobe
257. Ginkgo nuts	257. Noix de ginkgo
258. Grape	258. Raisin
259. Groundcherry	259. Groundcherry
260. Tea	260. Thé
261. Hazelnut	261. Noisette
262. Hickory nut	262. Noix de noyer
263. Horseradish tree	263. Raifort
264. Alaska blueberry	264. Bleuet d’Alaska
265. Hyacinth bean	265. Haricot Hyacinthe
266. Irish moss	266. Mousse d’Irlande
267. Jackfruit	267. Jacquier
268. Capers	268. Câpres
269. Japanese chestnut	269. Châtaigne du Japon
270. Java plum	270. Prune de Java
271. Jerusalem artichoke	271. Topinambour
272. Jujube	272. Jujube
273. Jute	273. Jute
274. Kale	274. Kale
275. Kelp	275. Varech
276. Kumquat	276. Kumquat
277. Lambsquarters	277. Quartiers d’agneaux
278. Kiwi	278. Kiwi
279. Pepper	279. Poivre
280. Wild leek	280. Poireau sauvage
281. Loganberry	281. Loganberry
282. Lotus	282. Lotus
283. Sacred lotus	283. Lotus sacré
284. White lupine	284. Lupin blanc
285. Malabar spinach	285. Épinards Malabar
286. Papaya	286. Papaye
287. Mammee apple	287. Pomme Mammee
288. Purple mangosteen	288. Mangoustan violet
289. Alpine sweetvetch	289. Sweetvetch alpin
290. Moth bean	290. Haricot papillon
291. Mountain yam	291. Igname de montagne
292. Safflower	292. Carthame
293. White mustard	293. Moutarde blanche
294. Mustard spinach	294. Épinards à la moutarde
295. New Zealand spinach	295. Épinards de Nouvelle-Zélande
296. Nopal	296. Nopal
297. Ohelo berry	297. Baie d’Ohelo
298. Okra	298. Okra
299. Caraway	299. Carvi
300. Pepper (C. frutescens)	300. Poivre (C. frutescens)
301. Common persimmon	301. Kaki commun
302. Pecan nut	302. Noix de pécan
303. Pili nut	303. Noix de Pili
304. Colorado pinyon	304. Colorado pinyon
305. Pitanga	305. Pitanga
306. Plains prickly pear	306. Figue de Barbarie des Plaines
307. French plantain	307. Plantain français
308. American pokeweed	308. Pokeweed d’Amérique
309. Opium poppy	309. Pavot à opium
310. Prairie turnip	310. Navet des prairies
311. Prickly pear	311. Figue de Barbarie
312. Chestnut	312. Châtaigne
313. Quinoa	313. Quinoa
314. Malabar plum	314. Prune Malabar
315. Rose hip	315. Rose musquée
316. Roselle	316. Roselle
317. Roman camomile	317. Camomille romaine
318. Salmonberry	318. Salmonberry
319. Common salsify	319. Salsifis commun
320. Sapodilla	320. Sapodille
321. Mamey sapote	321. Mamey sapote
322. Chickpea	322. Pois chiche
323. Sesbania flower	323. Fleur de Sesbania
324. Endive	324. Endive
325. Hedge mustard	325. Moutarde de haie
326. Soursop	326. Corossol
327. Spelt	327. Épeautre
328. Chicory	328. Chicorée
329. Spirulina	329. Spiruline
330. Strawberry guava	330. Goyave à la fraise
331. Sugar apple	331. Pomme à sucre
332. Taro	332. Taro
333. Allium	333. Allium
334. Chinese cinnamon	334. Cannelle chinoise
335. Teff	335. Teff
336. Mexican groundcherry	336. Cerise mexicaine
337. Towel gourd	337. Gourde serviette
338. Wasabi	338. Wasabi
339. Ceylon cinnamon	339. Cannelle de Ceylan
340. Wax gourd	340. Gourde de cire
341. Wild rice	341. Riz sauvage
342. Tea leaf willow	342. Saule à feuilles de thé
343. Winged bean	343. Haricot ailé
344. Yam	344. Yam
345. Watermelon	345. Pastèque
346. Jicama	346. Jicama
347. Yautia	347. Yautia
348. Lime	348. Citron vert
349. Black-eyed pea	349. Pois aux yeux noirs
350. Macadamia nut	350. Noix de macadamia
351. Lemon	351. Citron
352. Pummelo	352. Pummelo
353. Alaska wild rhubarb	353. Rhubarbe sauvage d’Alaska
354. Oriental wheat	354. Blé oriental
355. Yardlong bean	355. Haricot long d’une verge
356. Boysenberry	356. Boysenberry
357. Persian lime	357. Chaux persane
358. Feijoa	358. Feijoa
359. Rowal	359. Rowal
360. Mandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine)	360. Mandarine (clémentine, mandarine)
361. Jew’s ear	361. L’oreille du juif
362. Common mushroom	362. Champignon commun
363. Shiitake	363. Shiitake
364. Purple laver	364. Purple laver
365. Wakame	365. Wakame
366. Enokitake	366. Enokitake
367. Epazote	367. Epazote
368. Oyster mushroom	368. Champignon pleureur
369. Cloud ear fungus	369. Champignon de l’oreille des nuages
370. Maitake	370. Maitake
371. Sweet orange	371. Orange douce
372. Ostrich fern	372. Fougère d’autruche
373. Sourdock	373. Sourdock
374. Tinda	374. Tinda
375. Wheat	375. Blé
376. Common chokecherry	376. Cerisier rouge
377. Agave	377. Agave
378. Narrowleaf cattail	378. Quenouilles à feuilles étroites
379. Chanterelle	379. Chanterelle
380. Cinnamon	380. Cannelle
381. Garden onion	381. Oignon du jardin
382. Oil palm	382. Palmier à huile
383. Sago palm	383. Palmier sagoutier
384. Persimmon	384. Persimmon
385. Coriander	385. Coriandre
386. Black salsify	386. Salsifis noir
387. Red algae	387. Algues rouges
388. Kombu	388. Kombu
389. Common hazelnut	389. Noisette commune
390. Thistle	390. Chardon
391. Walnut	391. Noyer
392. Conch	392. Conque
393. Saffron	393. Safran
394. Bean	394. Haricot
395. Muskmelon	395. Melon
396. Cucumber	396. Concombre
397. Cucurbita	397. Cucurbita
398. Cumin	398. Cumin
399. Turmeric	399. Curcuma
400. Quince	400. Coing
401. Leek	401. Poireau
402. Lemon grass	402. Citronnelle
403. Globe artichoke	403. Globe artichaut
404. Wild carrot	404. Carotte sauvage
405. Japanese persimmon	405. Kaki japonais
406. Cardamom	406. Cardamome
407. Black crowberry	407. Camarine noire
408. Loquat	408. Loquat
409. Rocket salad (ssp.)	409. Salade de roquette (ssp.)
410. Wax apple	410. Pomme de cire
411. Horned melon	411. Melon cornu
412. Common buckwheat	412. Sarrasin commun
413. Mixed nuts	413. Noix mélangées
414. Canola	414. Canola
415. Babassu palm	415. Palmier Babassu
416. Cupuaçu	416. Cupuaçu
417. Garlic	417. Ail
418. Tartary buckwheat	418. Sarrasin de Tartarie
419. Shea tree	419. Arbre à karité
420. Oil-seed Camellia	420. Camélia oléagineux
421. Ucuhuba	421. Ucuhuba
422. Fig	422. Fig
423. Nance	423. Nance
424. Naranjilla	424. Naranjilla
425. Fennel	425. Fenouil
426. Tree fern	426. Fougère arborescente
427. Strawberry	427. Fraise
428. Black huckleberry	428. Airelle noire
429. Greenthread tea	429. Thé Greenthread
430. Soy bean	430. Soja
431. Sunflower	431. Tournesol
432. Yellow pond-lily	432. Nénuphar jaune
433. Sea-buckthornberry	433. Argousier
434. Pepper (C. pubescens)	434. Poivre (C. pubescens)
435. Barley	435. Orge
436. Soft-necked garlic	436. Ail à cou mou
437. Cabbage	437. Chou
438. Chinese bayberry	438. bayberry chinois
439. Onion-family vegetables	439. Légumes de la famille des oignons
440. Pomes	440. Pomes
441. Brassicas	441. Brassicas
442. Cereals and cereal products	442. Céréales et produits céréaliers
443. Citrus	443. Agrumes
444. Hyssop	444. Hysope
445. Herbs and Spices	445. Herbes et épices
446. Pulses	446. Légumineuses
447. Chives	447. Ciboulette
448. Star anise	448. Anis étoilé
449. Nuts	449. Noix
450. Fruits	450. Fruits
451. Green vegetables	451. Légumes verts
452. Root vegetables	452. Légumes racines
453. Sunburst squash (pattypan squash)	453. Courge sunburst (courge pattypan)
454. Green zucchini	454. Courgettes vertes
455. Yellow zucchini	455. Courgettes jaunes
456. Green bell pepper	456. Poivron vert
457. Swamp cabbage	457. Chou des marais
458. Yellow bell pepper	458. Poivron jaune
459. Orange bell pepper	459. Poivron orange
460. Red bell pepper	460. Poivron rouge
461. Italian sweet red pepper	461. Poivron rouge italien
462. Yellow wax bean	462. Haricot ciré jaune
463. Green bean	463. Haricot vert
464. Saskatoon berry	464. Baie de Saskatoon
465. Nanking cherry	465. Cerise de Nankin
466. Japanese pumpkin	466. Citrouille japonaise
467. White cabbage	467. Chou blanc
468. Sweet potato	468. Patate douce
469. Romaine lettuce	469. Laitue romaine
470. Black walnut	470. Noyer noir
471. Black tea	471. Thé noir
472. Common walnut	472. Noyer commun
473. Green tea	473. Thé vert
474. Lettuce	474. Laitue
475. Red tea	475. Thé rouge
476. Grass pea	476. Pois de graminées
477. Sweet bay	477. Baie sucrée
478. Lentils	478. Lentilles
479. Garden cress	479. Cresson des jardins
480. Red onion	480. Oignon rouge
481. Green onion	481. Oignon vert

Exemple de catégories de produits alimentaires transformés contenant l’additif

Viande; Vous permet de restaurer la couleur de la viande après son traitement.

Exemple de produit (open food fact)

Aucun produits

Autres applications non alimentaires

Cosmétiques et soins de la peau

En ce qui nous concerne, cette substance chimique est donc initialement un produit attrayant pour l’industrie cosmétique surtout d’un point de vue financier car il en faut très peu pour conserver un produit, tellement son action est puissante. Son cout de revient ne dépasse pas quelques dollars le kg.

Ses fonctions (INCI)

• Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s’oppose au développement des microbes
• Dénaturant : Rend les cosmétiques désagréables. Principalement ajouté aux cosmétiques contenant de l’alcool éthylique
• Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.

Cet ingrédient est présent dans 0.04% des cosmétiques.

Example de produit cosmétique en contenant:

MAC Cosmetics	Duo – Colle pour Faux-cils – 14 g
Andrea	Colle transparente pour bandes de faux cils
Mavala	Scientifique – Durcisseur d’ongles 5 ml
Duo	Lash Adhesive – Clear – Colle Foncé
Mavala	Durcisseur d’ongles
O.P.I	Durcisseur OPI NTT80 15ml
Vitry	Vernis à ongles réparateur Mat
Furterer	Volumea – Rituel Volume Shampooing expanseur
Hérôme	Sérum de croissance pour les ongles 7ml
Peggy Sage	Durcisseur cure express pour ongles

creme douche douceur de miel – arbre vert – 250ml
creme douche douceur de miel – arbre vert – 250ml
Crème lavante Jabon en Crema – Romar – 400 ml
hip hair color – goodmark – 125 ml
Vernis à ongles – Y.S.S.Y – 12 ml
Yssy – Yesensy – 12ml

Pharmaceutique

• Utiliser pour sécher la peau avant ou après l’ablation chirurgicale des verrues ou lorsque la sécheresse est nécessaire.
• En dentisterie, il a été utilisé comme obtundent pour la dentine sensible et comme antiseptique dans les pâtes momifiantes et pour les canaux radiculaires
• Ingrédient actif des crèmes contraceptives

Autres utilisations;

Utilisé dans la fabrication de plastiques, films photographiques, explosifs. Grâce à son effet antiseptique, il est utilisé pour préserver les matériaux biologiques et créer des modèles anatomiques.

• MÉDICAMENTS (VET): Pour diverses maladies de la peau des grands animaux et la gale démodécique chez le chien et comme antiseptiques, fumigants, ont été utilisés dans le tympan, la diarrhée, la mammite, la pneumonie, les saignements internes.
• principalement dans la fabrication de divers colles, résines et vernis présents dans la production de contreplaqué, de panneaux agglomérés de fibres ou de particules (mélamine), de meubles et d’autres produits du bois.
• Comme intermédiaire dans la synthèse de multiples autres produits tels :
• le 1,4-butanediol, le triméthylolpropane, le 2,2-diméthyl-1,3-propanediol et le diisocyanate-4,4′ de diphényleméthane (MDI), qui servent à leur tour à la fabrication de polyuréthane, de plastiques de type polyester, d’huile lubrifiante synthétique et de plastifiants
• l’acide nitriloacétique (NTA) et l’acide éthylènediaminetétraacétique (EDTA), agents complexants présents dans plusieurs détergents
• dans la composition d’agent de conservation en thanatopraxie (services funéraires : embaumement)
• comme fixateur, désinfectant et déshydratant de tissus biologiques (laboratoire de pathologie)
• comme fumigant insecticide, germicide, fongicide (secteur agricole : fumigation de couvoir)
• comme désinfectant, antiseptique et additif antibactérien (industries phamaceutique et cosmétique)
• pour la fabrication de noyaux et moules (fonderie)
• dans la composition d’apprêt antifroissage et teinture (industrie de finition textile)
• dans d’autres domaines et secteurs divers tels que l’industrie du papier (résistance à l’humidité et surface laminée (papier glacé)), l’industrie chimique (peinture et vernis, produits d’imprimerie et de photographie), les isolants minéraux non métalliques, l’industrie alimentaire (nettoyages d’aliments comestibles), pièces et composantes électroniques, l’industrie du cuir (apprêt et agent de tannage), la fabrication d’engrais, de fertilisants, et d’explosifs.
• Abrasifs
• Additifs de peinture et additifs de revêtement non décrits par d’autres catégories
• Adhésifs et produits chimiques d’étanchéité
• Adsorbants et absorbants
• Agents d’échange d’ions
• Agents tensioactifs
• Aides technologiques, non répertoriées ailleurs
• Aux auxiliaires technologiques, spécifiques à la production pétrolière
• Colorants
• Fongicide, microbiocide EPA Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database
• Fongicides, traitement des sols EU Pesticides Database
• Inhibiteurs de corrosion et agents antitartre
• Insecticides EU Pesticides Database
• Intermédiaires
• Plastifiants

Bibliographie

• « Additifs alimentaires, le guide indispensable pour ne plus vous empoisonner » ; Corinne GOUGET, Editions Chariot d’Or, 2013, ISBN 978-2-9118-0669-8.  14e édition de ce best-seller. C. GOUGET s’est fait connaître (et apprécier) tant par son livre que par ses nombreuses apparitions mobilisatrices sur internet (voir notam. youTube).
• « Du poison dans votre assiette ? » ; Cécile Voss, Editions Test-Achats / VSZ, 2000, ISBN 2-930241-18-7.
• « Les additifs alimentaires. Ce que cachent les étiquettes » ; Hélène Barbier Du Vimont, Editions Trédaniel Poche, 2008, ISBN 978-2-84445-860-5.
• «Cancer Mortality and Morbidity Among Rubber Workers.» Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Vol. 61, no. 4, p. 1047-1053.
• 17th report. Toxicological evaluation of some food additives including anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers, and thickening agents. Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 53, 1974. WHO Technical Reports Series, No. 539, 1974; WHO Food Additives Series N.5.
• Acheson, E.D., Gardner, M.J., Pannett, B., Barnes, H.R., Osmond, C. et Taylor, C.P. Formaldehyde in the British chemical industry. An occupational cohort study. Lancet, 1(8377): 611-616 (1984).
• AFFSA, 2004. Evaluation des risques liés à l‟utilisation du formaldéhyde en alimentation animale. http://www.econologie.info/share/partager2/1292066952xArJ2J.pdf
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for formaldehyde. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1999).
• Allergy in Practice, By Johannes Ring, page 110
• Allgen LG, Holmberg G, Persson B, Sörbo B, 1979. Biological fate of methenamine in man. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 58, 287-293.
• American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, VOL. 50. NO. 11, (1989). P. 579-585 [AP-O33970]
• AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, VOL. 103, NO. 3, (1976), P. 284-296 [AP-033975]
• AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation.
• ARZNEIM. FORSCH. DRUG. RES., VOL. 39, NO. 11, (1989), P. 1411-1412 [AP-033983]
• Auerbach C, 1951. Problems in chemical mutagenesis. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology, 16, 199-213. Re-evaluation of hexamethylene tetramine (E 239) as a food additive EFSA Journal 2014;12(6):3696 34
• Baldermann KH, Rohrborn G, Schroeder TM, 1967. Mutagenicity tests with trypaflavin and hexamethylenetetramine in mammals in vivo and in vitro. Humangenetik, 4(2), 112-26.
• Bardana, E.J., Jr. et Montanaro, A. Formaldehyde: an analysis of its respiratory, cutaneous, and immunologic effects. Ann. Allergy, 66(6): 441-458 (1991).
• BAuA (Bundesanstalt fur Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), 2008. Risk assessment report on methenamine [CAS No. 100-97-0].
• Beall, J.R. Formaldehyde in dialysis patients. A review. Dans: Formaldehyde: analytical chemistry and toxicology. V. Turoski (éd.). Adv. Chem. Ser., 210: 275-287. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1985).
• Berglund, F. (1966) Unpublished report BfR (2006). Schulte A, Bernauer U, Madle S, Mielke H, Herbst U, Richter-Reichhelm H-B, Appel KE, Gundert-Remy U. Assessment of the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde [CAS No. 50-00-0]. Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung.
• Berlin. http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/238/assessment_of_the_ carcinogenicity_of_formaldehyde.pdf Brendel R, 1964. Studies on rats on the tolerance of hexamethylene tetramine. Arzneimittel-Forsch, 14, 51.
• Bhatt, H.S., Lober, S.B. et Combes, B. Effect of glutathione depletion on aminopyrine and formaldehyde metabolism. Biochem. Pharmacol., 37(8): 1581-1589 (1988).
• Bretherick, L., Handbook of reactive chemical hazards. 3rd ed. London; Boston : Butterworth-Heinemann. (1985). [RS-415001]
• Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. (1994). Cahill PA, Knight AW, Billinton N, Barker MG, Walsh L, Keenan PO, Williams CV, Tweats DJ, Walmsley RM, 2004. The GreenScreen((R)) genotoxicity assay: a screening validation programme. Mutagenesis, 19(2), 105-119. CICAD (2002).
• Budavari, S. et O’Neil, M., The Merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 11th ed. Rahway ( N.J.) : Merck. (1989). [RM-403001]
• Carcinogenesis, VOL.4, NO. 4, (1983), P. 457-459 [AP-033971]
• Casanova, M., Heck, H.d’A., Everitt, J.I., Harrington, W.W., Jr. et Popp, J.A. Formaldehyde concentrations in the blood of rhesus monkeys after inhalation exposure. Food Chem. Toxicol., 26(8): 715-716 (1988).
• Cassidy, S.L., Dix, K.M. et Jenkins, T. Evaluation of a testicular sperm head counting technique using rats exposed to dimethoxyethyl phthalate (DMEP), glycerol -monochlorohydrin (GMCH), epichlorohydrin (ECH), formaldehyde (FA), or methyl methanesulphonate (MMS). Arch. Toxicol., 53: 71-78 (1983).
• Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer (CIRC/OMS) » Monographies
• Centre international de recherche sur le cancer. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs volumes 1-42. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., Suppl. No. 7 (1987).
• Centre international de recherche sur le cancer. Some industrial chemicals and dyestuffs. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risk Chem. Hum., 29: 345-389 (1982).
• Chemical Book Inc. – Base de données chimiques et fournisseurs. Les composés chimiques (les additifs en ce qui nous concerne) sont renseignés avec leurs matières premières utilisées ou utilisables (cf. sec° Raw material).
• CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). 2006. CIR Compendium, containing abstracts, discussions, and conclusions of CIR cosmetic ingredient safety assessments. Washington DC.
• CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). 2006. CIR Compendium, containing abstracts, discussions, and conclusions of CIR cosmetic ingredient safety assessments. Washington DC.
• Codex Alimentarius
• Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 40. Formaldehyde. World Health Organisation. Geneva. CIR, 1992. Final report on the safety assessment of methenamine. Twentieth report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review expert panel. Journal of the American College of Toxicology 11(4), 531-558. Crebelli R, Falcone E, Aquilina G, Carere A, 1984. In vitro mutagenicity of rubber chemicals and their nitrosation products. Toxicology Letters, 23(3), 307-313.
• Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association. Final report on the safety assessment of formaldehyde. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol., 3(3): 157-184 (1984).
• CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP.
• Craft, T.R., Bermudez, E. et Skopek, T.R. Formaldehyde mutagenesis and formation of DNA-protein crosslinks in human lymphoblasts in vitro. Mutat. Res., 176: 147-155 (1987).
• DailyMed LICENSE https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
• Degussa AG, 1985. Unpublished data. Della Porta G, Cabral JR, Parmiani G, 1970. Transplacental Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies in Rats Treated with Hexamethylenetetramine. Tumori, 56, 325-334. Della Porta G, Colnaghi MI, Parmiani G, 1968. Non-carcinogenicity of hexamethylenetetramine in mice and rats. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 6, 707.
• Demoly P., Portales-Casamar S. CD. ROM Encyclopédique d’Allergologie. Schering-Plough. 2010.
• Dictionnaire pharmaceutique VIDAL » sec° EurêkaSanté (information médicale grand public)
• Dooley JF, Blackburn GR, Schreiner CA, Mackerer CR,1985. Inhibition of the mutagenicity of formaldehyde (HCHO) in the L5178 Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay by formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH) – Application to characterization of mutagenic components. Environmental Mutagenesis, 7, 9-9. Dumitrescu H, 1975. General analysis of common chemical preservatives. Revista de Igiena, Bacteriologie, Virusologie, Parazitologie, Epidemiologie, Pneumoftiziologie: Igiena, 24(3), 187- 191.
• Drevets, C.C. et Seebohm, P.M., «Dermatitis from alcohol.» Journal of Allergy. Vol. 32, no. 4, p. 277-282. (1961). [AP-025612]
• EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals.
• EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
• EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
• Eckel B, Kirchgessner M and Roth FX, 1992. Zum Einfluss von Ameisensäure auf tägliche Zunahmen, Futteraufnahme, Futterverwertung und Verdaulichkeit 1. Mitteilung Untersuchung zur nutritiven Wirksamkeit von organischen Säuren in der Ferkelaufzucht Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 67, 93–100.
• Effect of Prolonged Repeated Exposure to Formaldehyde Donors with Doses Below the EC3 Value on Draining Lymph Node Responses. J Immunotoxicol. 2007 Jul;4(3):239-46. doi: 10.1080/15476910701507967.
• EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed on a request from the Commission on safety of formaldehyde for poultry as feed additive in accordance with Council Directive 70/524/EEC. The EFSA Journal (2004) 96, 1-5.
• EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2006. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on the use of formaldehyde as a preservative during the manufacture and preparation of food additives. The EFSA Journal (2006) 415, 1-10
• EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011a. Evaluation of the FoodEx, the food classification system applied to the development of the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. The EFSA Journal, 1970, 27 pp. Re-evaluation of hexamethylene tetramine (E 239) as a food additive
• EFSA Journal 2013;11(12):3496, 263 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3496 European Food Safety Authority, 2014. Endogenous formaldehyde turnover in humans compared with exogenous contribution from food sources. EFSA Journal 2014;12(2):3550, 11 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3550
• EFSA Journal 2014;12(6):3696 35 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011b. Use of the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database in Exposure Assessment. The EFSA Journal, 2011, 34 pp. EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food), 2013. Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of aspartame (E 951) as a food additive.
• EHC (1989) International Programme on Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 89 Formaldehyde – WHO ISBN 92 4 154289 6 http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc89.htm Engst R, Prahl L, Jarmatz E, 1969. Analysis of preservatives. II. Colorimetric methods for the determination of hexamethylenetetramine (formaldehyde), benzoic acid sorbic acid and phydroxybenzoates. Nahrung, 13(5), 417-426.
• EPA, 2006. Reassessemnt of two exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance from hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA; CAS Reg. No. 100-97-0). Health Canada, 1999. List of substances d‟intérêt prioritaire; Rapport d‟ évaluation. Formaldéhyde. http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/94477/publication.html
• Epstein, S.S., Arnold, E., Andrea, J., Bass, W. et Bishop, Y. Detection of chemical mutagens by the dominant lethal assay in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 23: 288-325 (1972), cité à la référence 5.
• European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) LICENSE Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: « Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/ ». Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page. https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice natamycin https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.803
• European Commission » Health and Consumers » Cosmetics-CosIng
• European Commission. 2013. Cosing, the European Commission database with information on cosmetic substances and ingredients. Accessed on March 1, 2013 at http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cosmetics/cosing/ .
• Evaluation of certain food additives. Sixty-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series, no. 928. Geneva, 8-17 June 2004.
• EWG Assessment of Open Scientific Literature
• FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 38, 1965. WHO Technical Reports Series, No. 309, 1965; WHO Food Additives Series N.38A. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1967. 10th report. Specification for the identity and purity and their toxicological evaluation: some emulsifiers and stabilizers and certain other substances.
• FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 43, 1967. WHO Technical Reports Series, No. 373, 1967. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1970. 13th report. Specification for the identity and purity and their toxicological evaluation: some food colours, emulsifiers, stabilizers, anticaking agents, and certain other substances.
• FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 46, 1970. WHO Technical Reports Series, No. 445, 1970. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1972. 15th report. Toxicological evaluation of some enzymes, modified starches and certain other substances.
• FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 50, 1972.WHO Technical Reports Series, No. 488, 1972. WHO Food Additives Series N.1. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1974.
• Farber, E. Chemical carcinogenesis: a biologic perspective. Am. J. Pathol., 106: 272-296 (1982), cité à la référence 8.
• FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) 2006. Food Additive Status List. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html, Oct 16, 2006.
• FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2008. EAFUS [Everything Added to Food]: A Food Additive Database. FDA Office of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
•  https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
• https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking 
•  
• https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ucm129662.htm
• Fontignie-Houbrechts, N. Genetic effects of formaldehyde in the mouse. Mutat. Res., 88: 109-114 (1981).
• Food Additives in Europe, 2000. Status of safety assessment of food additives presently permitted in the EU. TemaNord 2002:560. Tierfarm AG, 1969. Unpublished report. Til HP, Woutersen RA, Feron VJ, Hollanders VHM, Falke HE, Clary JJ, 1989. 2-year drinking-water study of formaldehyde in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 27(2), 77-87.
• Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 11, 459-462. Hutschenreuter. H. (1956) Z. Lebensmitt. – Untersuch., 104, 161 IARC, 2006. Formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butox-2-propanol. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 88, 2-9. IPCS, 1989. Formaldehyde.
• Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, VOL. 11, (1973), P. 459-462 [AP-033972]
• Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, VOL. 4, (1966), P. 297-320 [AP-033974]
• Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, VOL. 4, (1966), P. 362-363 [AP-O33968]
• Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, VOL. 6, (1968), P. 707-715 [AP-033967]
• Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, VOL. 9, (1971), P. 491-500 [AP-033969]
• Formaldehyde – Global Harmonized System (GHS)
• France. Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, Fiche toxicologique no 177 : Hexaméthylènetétramine. Cahiers de notes documentaires. Paris : INRS. (2011). [RE-005509]   http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/fichetox.html
  http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/fichetox/fiche.html?refINRS=FICHETOX_177
• Furness MB, McDonald PJ, Beasley NV, 1974. Urinary antiseptics in asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnancy. New Zealand Medical Journal, 81, 417-419.
• Galli, C.L., Ragusa, C., Resmini, P. et Marinovich, M. Toxicological evaluation in rats and mice of the ingestion of a cheese made from milk with added formaldehyde. Food Chem. Toxicol., 21(3): 313-317 (1983).
• Gamble, J. Effects of formaldehyde on the respiratory system. Dans : Formaldehyde toxicity. J.E. Gibson (éd.). Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, DC. pp. 175-197 (1983), cité à la référence 8.
• Ganatra VR, Sawant RM, Chaudhuri NK, Vaidya VN, 1998. Determination of hexamethylene tetramine in the process solution of sol-gel method for nuclear fuel fabrication. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 230(1-2), 323-326.
• Gandelman A, 1967. Methenamine mandelate: Antimicrobial activity in urine andcorrelation with Formaldehyde levels. Journal of Urology, 97, 533-536. Gelfand, 1963. Respiratory allergy due to chemical compounds encountered in the rubber, lacquer , shellac, and beauty culture industries. Journal of Allergy, 34, 374-381.
• Gardner, M.J., Pannett, B., Winter, P.D. et Cruddas, A.M. A cohort study of workers exposed to formaldehyde in the British chemical industry: an update. Br. J. Ind. Med., 50: 827-834 (1993).
• Geneva, World Health Organization (Environmental Health Criteria 89). Re-evaluation of hexamethylene tetramine (E 239) as a food additive EFSA Journal 2014;12(6):3696 36 JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1962. 6th Report. Evaluation of the toxicity of a number of antimicrobials and antioxidants. WHO Technical Reports Series, No. 228, 1962.
• Girmanova I, Chalupa I, Sekerka V, 1991. Genotoxicity of Hexamethylenetetramine. Biologia, 46(11), 1009-1015.
• Gleckman R, Alvarez S, Joubert DW, Matthews SJ, 1979. Drug therapy reviews: methenamine mandelate and methenamine hippurate. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 36, 1509-1512.
• Gollamudi R, Straughn AB, Meyer MC, 1981. Urinary excretion of methenamine andformaldehyde: evaluation of 10 methenamine products in humans. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 70, 596- 599.
• Goodman, L. S. et Gilman, A., Goodman and Gilman’s : the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 7th ed. New York : Toronto : Macmillan Pub. Co. ; Collier Macmillan Canada. (1985).
• Greenfield W, Berg R, Moore R, 1969. Determination of urinary formaldehyde following administration of methenamine salts. Clinical Chemistry, 15(12), 1180-5. Haynes WM and Lide DR, 2010. Handbook of chemistry and Physics, 2010-2011, 91st edition. ISBN 978-1-4398-2077-3; pp 3-262 and 16-43. Hurni H and Ohder H, 1973. Reproduction study with formaldehyde hexamethylenetetramine in beagle dogs.
• Grosjean, E., Williams II, E.L. et Grosjean, D. Ambient levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Atlanta, Georgia. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 43: 469-474 (1993).
• Heck, H.d’A., Casanova, M. et Starr, T.B. Formaldehyde toxicity — new understanding. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 20(6): 397-426 (1990).
• Heck, H.d’A., Casanova-Schmitz, M., Dodd, P.B., Schachter, E.N., Witek, T.J. et Tosun, T. Formaldehyde (CH2O) concentrations in the blood of humans and Fischer-344 rats exposed to CH2O under controlled conditions. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 46(1): 1-3 (1985).
• Hernandez, O., Rhomberg, L., Hogan, K., Siegel-Scott, C., Lai, D., Grindstaff, G., Henry, M. et Cotruvo, J.A. Risk assessment of formaldehyde. J. Hazard. Mater., 39: 161-172 (1994).
• Hexamine adsorption study on activated carbon from aqueous solutions for application in treatment of hexamine industrial wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology January 2013, 10, 19-26 TemaNord, 2002.
• Higginson, J., Jensen, O.M., Kinlen, L., Kirsten, W.H., MacMahon, B., Matanoski, G.M., Smith, T.J. et Thomas, D.C. Epidemiology of chronic occupational exposure to formaldehyde. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 4: 77 (1988).
• Hileman, B. Formaldehyde: assessing the risk. Environ. Sci. Technol., 18(7): 216A-221A (1984), cité à la référence 8.
• http://dardel.info/FoodAdditives.html
• http://morriscookies.co.uk/data/documents/Dangerous-Food-Additives-table.pdf
• http://romseyaustralia.com/additiveban.html
• http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/detail/en/c/111/
• http://www.foodcanmakeyouill.co.uk/food-additives-and-health-problems.html
• http://www.food-info.net/fr/e/e239.htm
• http://www.foodlaw.rdg.ac.uk/additive-list.htm
• http://www.naturopathie-holistique.fr/liste-rouge-des-additifs-alimentaires-(danger)-partie-1-15-104.html
• http://www.omedit-normandie.fr/media-files/8866/biosimilaire-ansm.pdf
• http://www.psychomedia.qc.ca/sante/2013-12-04/substances-toxiques-produits-cosmetiques-hygiene
• https://alternative-vegan.com/wp-content/uploads/LM/additifs-GougetLivre.pdf?utm_source=Artcile&utm_medium=Blog&utm_campaign=ExtraitAdd
• https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/methenamine-0
• https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=J50OIX95QV&searchdb=all&labeltype=all&sortby=rel&audience=professional&page=1&pagesize=200
• https://dermnetnz.org/topics/food-additives-and-e-numbers/
• https://djamel77100.skyrock.com/129260148-Liste-d-ingredients-interdits-pour-les-musulman-e-s.html
• https://docteurtamalou.fr/additifs-alimentaires-plus-dangereux-sante/
• https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/methenamine
• https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/8O0C852CPO
• https://echa.europa.eu/fr/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.004.990
• https://echa.europa.eu/fr/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.008.058
• https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3898
• https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3696
• https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52002PC0662:FR:HTML
• https://forums.futura-sciences.com/chimie/158000-additifs-alilmentaire.html
• https://noshly.com/additive/240/preservative/240/#.X_zO99hKguE
• https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Formaldehyde
• https://www.additifs-alimentaires.net/E240.php
• https://www.boulangerienet.fr/bn/bnweb/dt/additif.php
• https://www.canada.ca/fr/environnement-changement-climatique/services/evaluation-substances-existantes/evaluation-prealable-groupe-af-fs.html
• https://www.ceff.info/en/additives/categories?category_id=9&do=categoryDetail
• https://www.cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=FoodSubstances&id=FORMICACID
• https://www.csst.qc.ca/prevention/reptox/Pages/fiche-complete.aspx?no_produit=6320
• https://www.csst.qc.ca/prevention/reptox/Pages/fiche-complete.aspx?no_produit=604#ref_770_1
• https://www.csst.qc.ca/prevention/reptox/Pages/fiche-complete.aspx?no_produit=7807
• https://www.dangersalimentaires.com/en/2011/01/les-additifs-alimentaires/
• https://www.drugbank.ca/
• https://www.echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/24222797/ec_200-579-1_formic_acid_rmoa_concl_8171_en.pdf/745cf276-1065-fa6f-19f3-72c69d16bc84
• https://www.echa.europa.eu/web/guest/information-on-chemicals/ec-inventory?p_p_id=disslists_WAR_disslistsportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=2&p_p_col_count=3&_disslists_WAR_disslistsportlet_javax.portlet.action=searchDissLists
• https://www.fda.gov/media/75758/download
• https://www.ferpotravina.cz/seznam-ecek/E239
• https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers
• https://www.foodnotify.com/en/food-additives/
• https://www.foodpowa.com/additifs-aliments-risque-sante/
• https://www.fourchette-et-bikini.fr/sante/10-additifs-a-bannir-de-son-alimentation-49049.html
• https://www.frc.ch/toujours-trop-dadditifs/
• https://www.gs1.fi/en/content/view/full/29892
• https://www.guidechem.com/dictionary/fr/544-17-2.html
• https://www.ivyroses.com/Define/E239
• https://www.les-additifs-alimentaires.com/E240-formaldehyde.php
• https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/explosives/resources/brochures/18389?_ga=2.184988129.917457400.1600360371-1857162776.1600360371
• https://www.orthodiet.org/fr/additifs-alimentaires
• https://www.sudokuwallpapers.com/busqueda.php?number=E239
• https://www.traditionaloven.com/articles/122/dangerous-food-additives-to-avoid
• https://www.tuscany-diet.net/additives/preservatives/
• Huck, P.M., Anderson, W.B., Rowley, S.M. et Daignault, S.A. Formation and removal of selected aldehydes in a biological drinking-water treatment process. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. – Aqua, 39(5): 321-333 (1990).
• Hurni, H. et Ohder, H. Reproduction study with formaldehyde and hexamethylenetetramine in beagle dogs. Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 11: 459-462 (1973)
• IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99.
• JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1965. 8th report. Specification for the identity and purity and toxicological evaluation of some antimicrobials and antioxidant.
• JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1998. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Saturated aliphatic acyclic linear primary alcohols, alcohols, aldehydes and acids. WHO Food Additives Series, No 40. Available online: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v040je10.htm Johnson KA and Johnson DE, 1995. Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 2483–2492.
• JECFA, 2004. Report of the 27th session of the Codex Committee on food Additives and Contaminant, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. JECFA, 2005.
• JECFA, 2006. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Report of the 38th session of the Codex Committee on food Additives and Contaminant, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. De Jong CT, De Klerk A, Beek MT, Veenman C, Van Loveren H, 2007.
• Jeffcoat, A.R., Chasalow, F., Feldman, D.B. et Marr, H. Disposition of [14C] formaldehyde after topical exposure to rats, guinea pigs and monkeys. Dans : Formaldehyde toxicity. J.E. Gibson (éd.). Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, DC. pp. 38-50 (1983).
• Jensen, N.J. et Cohr, K.-H. Testing of formaldehyde in the mammalian spot test by inhalation. Mutat. Res., 113: 266 (1983), cité à la référence 5.
• Johannsen, F.R., Levinskas, G.J. et Tegeris, A.S. Effects of formaldehyde in the rat and dog following oral exposure. Toxicol. Lett., 30: 1-6 (1986).
• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives   (JECFA)
• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) LICENSE Permission from WHO is not required for the use of WHO materials issued under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Intergovernmental Organization (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO) licence.
• Jones, T.D., Griffin, G.D. et Walsh, P.J. A unifying concept for carcinogenic risk assessment. J. Theor. Biol., 105: 35-61 (1983), cité à la référence 8.
• Kerns, W.D., Pavkov, K.L., Donofrio, D.J., Gralla, E.J. et Swenberg, J.A. Carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in rats and mice after long-term inhalation exposure. Cancer Res., 43: 4382-4392 (1983).
• Kewitz H and Welsch F, 1966. A Yellow Colored Product from Formaldehyde and Kynurenine in Methenamine Treated Rats. Arch. Pharmak. exp. Path, 254, 101-109.
• Kewitz H, 1966. Unpublished report. Klinge E, Männistö P, Mäntylä R, Lamminsivu U, Ottoila P, 1982. Pharmacokinetics of methenamine in healthy volunteers. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 9, 209-216. Kotter L, Terplan G, Schulz H, 1959. Biological detection of preservatives in foods of animal origin. Archiv fuer Lebensmittelhygiene, 10, 145-152.
• Kitchens, J.F., Castner, R.E., Edwards, G.S., Harward III, W.E. et Macri, B.J. Investigation of selected potential environmental contaminants: formaldehyde. EPA-560/2-76-009, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1976), cité à la référence 8.
• Kligerman, A.D., Phelps, M.C. et Erexson, G.L. Cytogenetic analysis of lymphocytes from rats following formaldehyde inhalation. Toxicol. Lett., 21: 241-246 (1984). Le formaldéhyde (05/97) Recommandations pour la qualité de l’eau potable au Canada : pièces à l’appui 9
• Koga, M., Akiyama, T. et Glaze, W.H. Analysis of ozonation by-products produced in drinking water treatment. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 7(5/6): 423-432 (1991).
• Kovac Kralj, A, 2013. Energy-Efficient Hexamine Production Process. Adv. Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 2 Iss.
• Kovacs AS, Denker P, 1962. Identification and determination of food preservatives in foods. Industrielle Obst- und Gemueseverwertung. 47(1), 1-3.
• Krasner, S.W., McGuire, M.J., Jacangelo, J.G., Patania, N.L., Reagan, K.M. et Aieta, E.M. The occurrence of disinfection by-products in US drinking water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81: 41-53 (1989), cité à la référence 11.
• Kreiger, R.A. et Garry, V.F. Formaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity and sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocyte cultures. Mutat. Res., 120: 51-55 (1983).
• Leleu, J., Réactions chimiques dangereuses. Réimp. 1996. Paris : INRS. (1987).   www.inrs.fr/dms/inrs/CataloguePapier/ED/TI-ED-697/ed697.pdf
• Lijinsky W and Taylor HW, 1977. Feeding tests in rats on mixtures of nitrite with secondary and tertiary-amines of environmental importance. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 15(4), 269-274.
• Loeper I and Berzins T. Health effects of selected chemicals 3. Hexamethylenetetraamine. 28, 93-114. 1995 Re-evaluation of hexamethylene tetramine (E 239) as a food additive EFSA Journal 2014;12(6):3696 37 Malorny G and Rietbrock N, 1963.
• Malorny, G., Rietbrock, N. et Schneider, M. [Oxydation du formaldéhyde en acide formique dans le sang, une contribution au métabolisme du formaldéhyde.] Naunyn-Schmiedenbergs Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., 250: 419-436 (1965) (en allemand), cité à la référence 5.
• Marks, T.A., Worthy, W.C. et Staples, R.E. Influence of formaldehyde and Sonacide® (potentiated acid glutaraldehyde) on embryo and fetal development in mice. Teratology, 22: 51-58 (1980).
• Marsh, G.M., Stone, R.A., Esmen, N.A. et Henderson, V.L. Mortality patterns among chemical plant workers exposed to formaldehyde and other substances. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 86(5): 384-386 (1994).
• Matsuda, H., Sato, T., Nagase, H., Ose, Y., Kito, H. et Sumida, K. Aldehydes as mutagens formed by ozonation of humic substances. Sci. Total Environ., 114: 205-213 (1992).
• McMartin, K.E., Martin-Amat, G., Noker, P.E. et Tephly, T.R. Lack of a role for formaldehyde in methanol poisoning in the monkey. Biochem. Pharmacol., 28: 645-649 (1979).
• Merget R, Topcu M, Friese K, Vormberg R, Fuchs T, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Breitstadt R, 1999. A crosssectional study of workers in the chemical industry with occupational exposure to hexamethylenetetramine. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 72(8), 533-538.
• Metabolism and excretion of formaldehyde, formic acid and hexamethylenetetramine (used as food preservatives; experiments with radioactively labelled compounds). Thesis, Freie Univ., 82 pp. Selvaag E and Thune P, 1994. Photosensitivity reaction to methenamine hippurate. A case report. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 10(6), 259-60. Shimizu H, Suzuki Y, Takemura N, Goto S, Matsushita H, 1985. The results of microbial mutation test for forty-three industrial chemicals.
• Migliore L, Ventura L, Barale R, Loprieno N, Castellino S, Pulci R, 1989. Micronuclei and nuclear anomalies induced in the gastrointestinal epithelium of rats treated with formaldehyde.
• Migliore, L., Ventura, L., Barale, R., Loprieno, N., Castellino, S. et Pulci, R. Micronuclei and nuclear anomalies induced in the gastrointestinal epithelium of rats treated with formaldehyde. Mutagenesis, 4(5): 327-334 (1989).
• Ministère de la Santé nationale et du Bien-être social. An investigation of formaldehyde gas levels in houses in St. John’s, Newfoundland. Préparé sous contrat par Geortec Limitée. Publication No 82-EHD-83, Direction de l’hygiène du milieu, Ministère de la Santé nationale et du Bien-être social, Ottawa (1982).
• Mutagenesis, 4(5), 327-334. Musher DM, Griffith DP, 1974. Generation of formaldehyde from Methenamine: effect of pH and concentration, and antibacterial effect. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 6, 708-711.
• National Research Council. Formaldehyde: an assessment of its health effects. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC (1980).
• Natvig H, Andersen J, Rasmussen EW, 1971. A contribution to the toxicological evaluation of hexamethylenetetramine. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 9(4), 491-500.
• NCBI;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/linkout
• NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) LICENSE Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source. https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse Natamycin https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C47634
• New SA, Robins SP, Campbell MK, et al. Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health? Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:142–51. (article complet disponible via le lien)
• Newell, G.W. Overview of formaldehyde. Dans : Formaldehyde toxicity. J.E. Gibson (éd.). Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, DC. pp. 3-12 (1983), cité à la référence 8.
• NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
• NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
• NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2012. PubMed online scientific bibliography data. http://www.pubmed.gov.
• NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2012. PubMed online scientific bibliography data. http://www.pubmed.gov.
• Numéro index 601-042-00-8 dans le tableau 3.1 de l’annexe VI du règlement CE N° 1272/2008 [archive] (16 décembre 2008)
• O’Neil, M.J. et al., The Merck Index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, & biologicals. 15e éd. Cambridge, G.-B. : Royal Society of Chemistry. (2013). [RM-403001]   https://www.rsc.org/Merck-Index/
• OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2010. SIDS Initial Assessment Report for SIAM 26. Formic acid and Formates. Paris, France, 15–18 April 2008, 15 pp. Øverland M, Granli T, Kjos NP, Fjetland O, Steien SH and Stokstad M, 2000. Effect of dietary formates on growth performance, carcass traits, sensory quality, intestinal microflora, and stomach alterations in growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 78, 1875–1884.
• Onur F and Acar N, 1992. Simultaneous determination of methylene-blue, hexamethylene tetramine and resorcinol in pharmaceutical formulations by 1st-derivative UV spectrophotometry. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 78(1), 89-91. Orstavik D and Hongslo JK, 1985. Mutagenicity of endodontic sealers. Biomaterials, 6(2), 129-132.
• Oral toxicity of formaldehyde and its derivates, CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 21, 315-328. RTECS, 2005. NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances #MN4725000. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1228.html SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 1977.
• Organisation mondiale de la santé. Formaldehyde. Environmental Health Criteria 89, Programme international sur la sécurité des produits chimiques, Genève (1989).
• Orringer, E.P. et Mattern, W.D. Formaldehyde-induced hemolysis during chronic hemodialysis. New Engl. J. Med., 294: 1416-1420 (1976).
• Owen, B.A., Dudney, C.S., Tan, E.L. et Easterly, C.E. Formaldehyde in drinking water: comparative hazard evaluation and an approach to regulation. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 11: 220-236 (1990)
• p://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/zh/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FMeetings%252FCX-711-49%252FCRD%252Ffa49%2BCRD%2B22x.pdf
• Pallauf J and Hüter J, 1993. Studies on the influence of calcium formate on growth, digestibility of crude nutrients, nitrogen balance and calcium retention in weaned piglets, testing facility. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 43, 65–76.
• Pandey CK, Agarwal A, Baronia A, Singh N, 2000. Toxicity of ingested formalin and its management. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 19, 360-366.
• Paseiro Losada P, Simal Lozano J, Simal Gandara J, 1989. Study of the identification of food preservatives. Alimentaria, 204, 57-83.
• PATENTSCOPE (WIPO) SID 394920530 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/394920530
• Patt, Rudolf; Kordsachia, Othar; Süttinger, Richard; Ohtani, Yoshito; Hoesch, Jochen F.; Ehrler, Peter; Eichinger, Rudolf; Holik, Herbert; Hamm (2000). « Paper and Pulp ». Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
• Patt, Rudolf; Kordsachia, Othar; Süttinger, Richard; Ohtani, Yoshito; Hoesch, Jochen F.; Ehrler, Peter; Eichinger, Rudolf; Holik, Herbert; Hamm (2000). « Paper and Pulp ». Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a18_545 
• Patty, F.A., Patty’s industrial hygiene and toxicology. Vol. 2, 3rd ed. New York : John Wiley & Son. (1978).
• Patty, F.A., Patty’s industrial hygiene and toxicology. Vol. 2, 3rd ed. New York : John Wiley & Son. (1978).
• Plog, B.A., Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Occupational safety and health series, 3rd ed. Chicago, Ill. : National Safety Council. (1988).
• Pohl SA, Caldwell DJ, Lee JT, Coppedge JR, Dunn-Horrocks SL, Stringfellow KD, Jessen K and Farnell MB, 2012. Effects of dietary calcium formate inclusion on broiler performance, skeletal development, and gut maturation. Journal Applied Poultry Research, 21, 311–317.
• Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, O’Connell MA, et al. Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross-sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:1420–8. (article complet disponible via le lien)
• PubChem https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
• Re-evaluation of hexamethylene tetramine (E 239) as a food additive EFSA Journal 2014;12(6):3696 38 Takahashi A and Ono H, 1993. Mutagenicity assessment in 44 epoxy resin hardeners in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains. Chem. Express, 8(9), 785-788. Tanaka T, Kitajima K, Naito T, Hurutani S, Ogura S, 1976. A necropsy case of interstitial nephritis probably related to cefazolin and methenamine. Acta Med Okayama, 30(5), 341-8. Taghdiri M and Zamani, 2013.
• Reports from the Scientific Committee for Food (4th series). Opinion expressed 1977. Food science and techniques, 1977. Schlede E, 1966.
• Restani P and Restelli A, 1992. Formaldehyde and hexamethylenetetramine as food additives: chemical interactions and toxicology. Food Additives & Contaminants, 9(5), 597-605. Restani P, Galli CL, 1991.
• Salmonella mutagenicity tests .5. Results from the testing of 311 chemicals. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 19, 2-141.
• Sangyo Igaku, 27(6), 400-19. Siffel C and Czeizel AE, 1995. Study of developmental abnormalities and deaths after human zygote exposure. Mutat Res, 334, 293-300. Smolin, EM and Rapoport, L. “The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds, S-Triazines and derivatives.” Interscience publication, New York, 1959
• Sax, N.I., Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 7th ed. Toronto : Van Nostrand Reinhold. (1989). [RR-014005]
• Scheuplein, R.J. Formaldehyde: the Food and Drug Administration’s perspective. Dans : Formaldehyde: analytical chemistry and toxicology. V. Turoski (éd.). Adv. Chem. Ser., 210: 237-245. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1985).
• Seidenberg, J.M., Anderson, D.G. et Becker, R.A. Validation of an in vivo developmental toxicity screen in the mouse. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen., 6: 361-374 (1986).
• Shah, B.M., Vachhrajani, K.D., Chinoy, N.J. et Chowdhury, A.R. Formaldehyde induced structural and functional changes in the testis of rats. J. Reprod. Biol. Comp. Endocrinol., 7(1): 42-52 (1987).
• Smyth, H.F., Jr., Seaton, J. et Fischer, L. The single dose toxicity of some glycols and derivatives. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol., 23(6): 259-268 (1941).
• Soffritti, M., Maltoni, C., Maffei, F. et Biagi, R. Formaldehyde: an experimental multipotential carcinogen. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 5(5): 699-730 (1989).
• Squire, R.A. et Cameron, L.L. An analysis of potential carcinogenic risk from formaldehyde. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 4: 107-129 (1984), cité à la référence 8.
• Srivastava, A.K., Gupta, B.N., Gaur, J.S. et Bihari, V. Clinical evaluation of workers handling melamine formaldehyde resin [letter to the editor]. Clin. Toxicol., 30(4): 677-681 (1992).
• Strom JG, Jun HW, 1993. Effect of urine pH and ascorbic acid on the rate of conversion of methenamine to formaldehyde. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition, 14, 61-69.
• Swenberg, J.A., Barrow, C.S., Boreiko, C.J., Heck, H.d’A., Levine, R.J., Morgan, K.T. et Starr, T.B. Non-linear biological responses to formaldehyde and their implications for carcinogenic risk assessment. Carcinogenesis, 4(8): 945-952 (1983), cité à la référence 8.
• Swenberg, J.A., Gross, E.A., Martin, J. et Popp, J.A. Mechanisms of formaldehyde toxicity. Dans : Formaldehyde toxicity. J.E. Gibson (éd.). Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, DC. pp. 132-147 (1983), cité à la référence 8.
• Swenberg, J.A., Kerns, W.D., Mitchell, R.I., Gralla, E.J. et Pavkov, K.L. Induction of squamous cell carcinomas of the rat nasal cavity by inhalation exposure to formaldehyde vapor. Cancer Res., 40: 3398-3402 (1980).
• The Chernoff-Kavlock assay: Its validation and application in rats. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 7, 73-83. Zeiger E, Anderson B, Haworth S, Lawlor T, Mortelmans K, 1992.
• Thomson, E.J., Shackleton, S. et Harrington, J.M. Chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchange frequencies in pathology staff occupationally exposed to formaldehyde. Mutat. Res., 141: 89-93 (1984).
• Til, H.P., Woutersen, R.A. et Feron, V.J. Evaluation of the oral toxicity of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde in a 4-week drinkingwater study in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 26(5): 447-452 (1988).
• Til, H.P., Woutersen, R.A., Feron, V.J., Hollanders, V.H.M. et Falke, H.E. Two-year drinking-water study of formaldehyde in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 27(2): 77-87 (1989).
• Tobe, M., Naito, K. et Kurokawa, Y. Chronic toxicity study of formaldehyde administered orally to rats. Toxicology, 56: 79-86 (1989).
• Tomkins, B.A., McMahon, J.M. et Caldwell, W.M. Liquid chromatographic determination of total formaldehyde in drinking water. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 72(5): 835-839 (1989).
• TUMORI, VOL. 56, (1970), P. 325-334 [AP-033973]
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Method 554. Determination of carbonyl compounds in drinking water by DNPH derivatization and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH (1991).
• Unpublished report. Meissner, F, Schwiedessen, E. and Othmer, D.F. Shatyski ODF, (1954). Continuous production of hexamethylenetetramine. Ind. Eng. Chem. 46, 724.
• Upreti, R.K., Farooqui, M.Y.H., Ahmed, A.E. et Ansari, G.A.S. Toxicokinetics and molecular interaction of [14C]-formaldehyde in rats. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 16: 263-273 (1987).
• Urea-Formaldehyde Foam Insulation Information and Coordination Centre. UFFI. Report on the national testing survey to the Board of Review, Ottawa (1981), cité à la référence 5.
• Verschueren, K., Handbook of environmental data on organic chemicals. 2nd ed.. New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.. (c1983).
• Vortrag auf der X. Tagung des Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Beirats der deutschen Fischwirtschaft, Bremen. Malorny G, 1966.
• Vujosevic, M., Zivkovic, S., Fister, S. (1986): In vivo mammalian bone marrow cytogenetic test (chromosomal analysis) – Result of testing UROTOVETR. Acta Vet (Beograd), 36, 91-94 WHO, 2008. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Third Edition, .incorporating first and second addenda. World Health Organisation. Geneva. p. 377b. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/fulltext.pdf?ua=1 Wickramaratne GAS, 1987.
• Ward, J.B., Jr., Hokanson, J.A., Smith, E.R., Chang, L.W., Pereira, M.A., Whorton, E.B., Jr. et Legator, M.S. Sperm count, morphology and fluorescent body frequency in autopsy service workers exposed to formaldehyde. Mutat. Res., 130: 417-424 (1984).
• Waydhas, C., Weigl, K. et Seis, H. The deposition of formaldehyde and formate arising from drug N-demethylations dependent on cytochrome P-450 in hepatocytes and perfused rat liver. Eur. J. Biochem., 89: 143-150 (1978), cité à la référence 8. McMartin, K.E., Martin-Amat, G., Makar, A.B. et Tephly, T.R. Methanol poisoning. V. Role of formate metabolism in the monkey. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 201(3): 564-572 (1977).
• www.additifs-alimentaires.net
• Zurlo, N. Occupational health and safety. Vol. 1. McGraw-Hill, San Francisco, CA. p. 574 (1971), cité à la référence 8.