
La résine de gaïac est une résine végétale utilisée à des fins alimentaires, thérapeutiques et mycologiques.
La gomme ou résine gaïac est extraite des arbres Guaiacum officinale et Guaiacum santum originaires des régions tropicales et subtropicales des amériques
Ses constituants seraient d’environ 70% d’acides alpha-et bêta-gaïaconiques, environ 11% d’acide guaïacique, de composants apparentés et d’acide gaïarétique, 15% de vanilline, du jaune de gaïac et de la saponine guaïace (guaïacine).
Depuis 2017 la ‘Gomme gaïac’ ou ‘Gomme de gaïac’ (conservateur) n’est plus listée au Codex alimentarius, elle est souvent présentée comme un synonyme de ‘Résine gaïac’ qui subsiste à cette date au Codex comme antioxygène.
En 2017 le Codex alimentarius affecte la résine de gaïac (E)314 aux catégories d’aliments suivantes : Huiles et graisses végétales ; saindoux, suif, huiles de poisson et autres graisses animales ; gomme à mâcher (chewing-gum) ; sauces et produits similaires.
Les Etats-Unis ont une quantité d’additifs alimentaires nettement plus grande que l’Europe (quelques milliers contre quelques centaines).
Autres noms
Francais | Anglais |
Gaïacol | guaiacum resin |
Gaïacol butyrate | gaiac |
Gaïac propionate | guaiac resin |
Bois de gaïac (extrait) | gum guaiac |
Bois gaïac (huile) | resin guaiac |
Acétate de gaïacyl | guaiac wood extract |
Isobutyrate de gaïacyl | Guaiacum |
Phénylacétate de gaïacyl | gum guaiacum |
Gomme gaïac (extrait) | gaiac gum |
4-éthylgaiacol | |
Gomme de gaïac | |
résine de gayac | |
gomme de gayac |
Fonction et caractéristiques
Rapidement reconnue comme anti-syphilitique, la résine de gaïac est employée comme stimulant et contre le manque d’appétit.
Elle est également utilisée comme additif alimentaire (antioxydant) sous la désignation E241 (gomme de gaïac) comme conservateur et E314 (résine de gaïac) comme antioxydant. Les deux appellations semblent être utilisées indifféremment, néanmoins il est possible que le E241 désigne la résine de gaïac naturelle, et le E314 une résine traitée chimiquement pour donner de la gomme (des résidus chimiques possibles étant listés dans la définition officielle).
CARACTÉRISTIQUES
Grumeaux brunâtres. Mp 85C. Insoluble dans l’eau; soluble dans l’alcool, l’éther, l’acétone, le chloroforme et la soude caustique
Utilisations
Conservateurs
Toxicité
Peu Toxique. Voir la résine gaïac E314
Les risques
Favorise les calculs rénaux.
Effets secondaires
Non connus
RÉSIDUS AUTORISÉS (dits Critères de pureté)
Non connus
Dosage maximum dans les produits transformés
Non connus
CANADA
Liste des agents de conservation autorisés (Listes des additifs alimentaires autorisés) (Canada)
Additifs alimentaires autorisés comme agents de conservation de la catégorie IV
Article | Colonne I | Colonne II | Colonne III |
Additifs | Permis dans ou sur | Limites de tolérance | |
G.1 | Résine de gaïac | (1) Graisses et huiles; saindoux; monoglycérides et diglycérides; shortening | (1) Bonnes pratiques industrielles |
(2) Aliments non normalisés, [à l’exception des préparations non normalisées dea) viande et sous-produits de viande (Titres 14 et 21);b) poisson; etc) viande de volaille et sous-produits de viande de volaille] | (2) Bonnes pratiques industrielles |
Liste des additifs alimentaires autorisés ayant d’autres utilisations acceptées(Canada)
Non listé
DSL – Liste intérieure des substances (Canada)
Nom de la substance: | Numéro d’identification: |
Esters d’acide butyrique et d’alcools de la résine de gaïac | 68440-38-0 |
Résine de gaiac | 9000-29-7 |
Liste des Produits chimiques préoccupants, non règlementé
Résine de gaïac (Gum Guaiacum) | Gomme de gaïac Gomme de guaiacum |
ETATS-UNIS
Liste des substances ajoutées aux aliments Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS)
GUAIAC GUM (GUAIACUM SPP.)
CAS Reg. No. (or other ID)*: | 9000-29-7 |
Substance: | GUAIAC GUM (GUAIACUM SPP.) |
Other Names: | ♦ GUAIAC ♦ GUM GUAIAC ♦ GUAIACUM ♦ GUAIAC GUM ♦ GUAIAC RESIN ♦ GUAIACUM RESIN ♦ GUAIACUM (RESIN) ♦ GUM GUAIACUM ♦ RESIN GUAIAC |
Used for (Technical Effect): | ANTIOXIDANT, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT |
Food additive and GRAS regulations (21 CFR Parts 170-186): | 172.510 175.300 177.1010 181.24 |
*Definitions
- CAS Reg. No. (or other ID): Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number® for the substance or a numerical code assigned by CFSAN to those substances that do not have a CAS Registry Number (977nnn-nn-n series).
- Substance: The name of the ingredient as recognized by CFSAN.
- Used for (Technical Effect): The physical or technical effect(s) the substance has in or on food; see 21 CFR 170.3(o) for definitions.
- 21 CFR: Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
- FEMA No.: The trade association, Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA), has established expert panels to evaluate and make independent determinations on the GRAS status of flavoring substances. The FEMA number is provided here as a reference to FEMA’s GRAS assessments.
- The GRAS Pub. No. is the FEMA GRAS™ publication number.
- NLFG is no longer FEMA GRAS™.
- For more information about FEMA GRAS, see About the FEMA GRAS™ Program <External Link Disclaimer> .
- JECFA: The Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) is an international expert scientific committee that is administered jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). See JECFA Specifications for Flavourings <External Link Disclaimer>
Non listé
Description: Résine de bois de certaines essences de GUAIACUM. Il est utilisé comme réactif clinique pour le sang occulte.
EUROPE
Listé EINECS(European INventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances)
Name | EC no. | CAS no. | Description | Molecular Formula | |
Guaiacol | 201-964-7 | 90-05-1 | C7H8O2 | Details | |
Guaiacum (resin) Extractives and their physically modified derivatives. It is a product which may contain resin acids and their esters, terpenes, and oxidation or polymerization products of these terpenes. (Guaiacum, Zygophyllaceae). | 232-535-2 | 9000-29-7 | Extractives and their physically modified derivatives. It is a product which may contain resin acids and their esters, terpenes, and oxidation or polymerization products of these terpenes. (Guaiacum, Zygophyllaceae). | Details | |
Guaiacum officinale, ext. Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Guaiacum officinale, Zygophyllaceae. | 283-494-2 | 84650-13-5 | Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Guaiacum officinale, Zygophyllaceae. | Details | |
Guaiacum officinale, ext., reaction products with acetic acid and sulfuric acid | 309-448-4 | 100298-95-1 | Details | ||
Guaiacum sanctum, ext. Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Guaiacum sanctum, Zygophyllaceae. | 294-546-9 | 91723-40-9 | Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Guaiacum sanctum, Zygophyllaceae. | Details | |
2-methoxy-4-nitrophenol Process related name: Guaiacol, 4-nitro- | 221-839-0 | 3251-56-7 | C7H7NO4 | Details | |
1-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-methoxybenzene Process Related Description: GUAIACOL-O-ETHYLBROMIDE | 402-010-4 | 4463-59-6 | GUAIACOL-O-ETHYLBROMIDE | Details | |
Bulnesia sarmienti, ext., acetate IUPAC name: GUAIACWOOD ACETATE | 305-067-2 | 94333-88-7 | Details | ||
Guaifenesin IUPAC name: Guaiacol Glycerol Ether | 202-222-5 | 93-14-1 | C10H14O4 | Details | |
Bulnesia sarmienti, ext. Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Bulnesia sarmienti, Zygophyllaceae. Public name: Guaiacwood Oil | 289-632-8 | 89958-10-1 | Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Bulnesia sarmienti, Zygophyllaceae. | Details | |
Bulnesia sarmienti, ext., sapond. Public name: Guaiacwood oil saponified | 290-792-6 | 90244-88-5 | Details | ||
4-(2-aminoethyl)guaiacol hydrochloride | 211-437-3 | 645-33-0 | C9H13NO2.ClH | Details | |
4-(2-hydroxyethyl)guaiacol | 219-175-1 | 2380-78-1 | C9H12O3 | Details | |
4-ethylguaiacol | 220-500-4 | 2785-89-9 | C9H12O2 | Details | |
5-(2-aminoethyl)guaiacol hydrochloride | 216-035-1 | 1477-68-5 | C9H13NO2.ClH | Details | |
2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol IUPAC name: 5-Nitroguaiacol | 211-269-0 | 636-93-1 | C7H7NO4 | Details | |
Creosote, wood A complex combination of phenols obtained as a distillate from wood tar. IUPAC name: CREOSOTE FROM BEECHWOOD (MIXTURE OF PHENOL, GUAIACOL, CREOSOL, CRESOLS, XYLENOLS) | 232-419-1 | 8021-39-4 | A complex combination of phenols obtained as a distillate from wood tar. | Details |
Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA)
Numéro Fema | Nom |
FEMA 2531 | GUAIAC GUM EXTRACT (GUAIACUM SPP.) |
FEMA 2533 | GUAIAC WOOD EXTRACT (GUAIACUM OFFICINALE L.; G. SANCTUM L.; BULNESIA SARMIENTI LORENTZ) |
FEMA 2534 | GUAIAC WOOD OIL (GUAIACUM OFFICINALE L.; G. SANCTUM L.; BULNESIA SARMIENTI LORENTZ) |
FEMA 4942 | MODIFIED GUAIAC WOOD EXTRACT |
Avantages
La résine contient un très bon antioxydant
Source de l’additif
Végétale
Origine
Extrait de la résine d’un arbre, le Guaiacum officinale.
Végétale | Oui | Animale | Non | Minérale | Non | Synthétique | Non |
Convient aux régimes
Végétarien | Non | Végétalien | Non | Hallal | Possible | Kosher | Oui |
Biologique | Non | Sans gluten | Oui | Sans noix | Oui | Sans œufs | Oui |
Autorisé dans les pays suivants
La gomme ou résine gaïac est listée comme additif alimentaire aux Etats-Unis et au canada. Elle n’est pas listée dans l’U.E. et en Australie.
Utilisation restreinte
Country | Status | Matched Term |
États-Unis | Matching Terms Not Found |
Utilisation interdite
Country | Status | Matched Term |
European Union | Not Permitted | |
Australia and New Zealand | Not Permitted | |
Philippines | Not Permitted | |
Autriche | Not Permitted | |
Belgique | Not Permitted | |
Bulgarie | Not Permitted | |
Chypre | Not Permitted | |
République tchèque | Not Permitted | |
Danemark | Not Permitted | |
Estonie | Not Permitted | |
Finlande | Not Permitted | |
France | Not Permitted | |
Allemagne | Not Permitted | |
Grèce | Not Permitted | |
Hongrie | Not Permitted | |
Irlande | Not Permitted | |
Italie | Not Permitted | |
Lettonie | Not Permitted | |
Lituanie | Not Permitted | |
Luxembourg | Not Permitted | |
Malte | Not Permitted | |
Pays-Bas | Not Permitted | |
Pologne | Not Permitted | |
Portugal | Not Permitted | |
Roumanie | Not Permitted | |
Slovaquie | Not Permitted | |
Slovénie | Not Permitted | |
Espagne | Not Permitted | |
Suède | Not Permitted | |
Royaume-Uni | Not Permitted | |
Australie | Not Permitted | |
Nouvelle-Zélande | Not Permitted |
Spécification technique
D’aspect brun verdissant à la lumière, elle est soluble dans l’éthanol, l’éther, l’acétone et le chloroforme, mais pas dans l’eau. Elle est composée à environ 70% d’acides alpha- et beta-guaïaconiques. En présence d’une solution de peroxyde d’hydrogène diluée, l’acide gaïaconique (également appelé furoguaiacine) contenu dans la résine est oxydé en « bleu de gaïac ».
- CAS 9000-01-5
- EINECS Number: 201-964-7
- UNII; 570858Q4NE
Additifs similaires
Conservateurs | Conservateurs | Conservateurs | Conservateurs |
E202 | E220 | E250 | E211 |
Sorbate de potassium | Dioxyde de soufre | Nitrite de sodium | Benzoate de sodium |
Ou peut-on retrouvé
CANADA
- Graisses
- Huiles
- Saindoux; monoglycérides et diglycérides
- Shortening
- Aliments non normalisés, [à l’exception des préparations non normalisées de
- viande et sous-produits de viande (Titres 14 et 21);
- poisson; et
- viande de volaille et sous-produits de viande de volaille]
ETATS UNIS
Tous les aliments sans limitation tel que;
- Antioxydants
- Substances aromatisantes naturelles et substances naturelles utilisées en association avec des arômes.
- Substances à utiliser comme composants de revêtements résineux et polymères.
- Substances à utiliser comme composants de base des surfaces en contact avec les aliments à usage unique et répété tel que; Acrylique et plastiques acryliques modifiés, semi-rigides et rigides.
Exemple de catégories de produits alimentaires transformés contenant l’additif
- Chewing-gum ; antioxydant
Autres applications non alimentaires
Cosmétiques et soins de la peau
- Utilisations cosmétiques: agents parfumants conditionnement de la peau
Pharmaceutique
- Réactif clinique (sang ou hémoglobine)
Autres informations
DJA : Dose journalière admissible. [Angl. : Acceptable Daily Intake ou ADI] C’est la dose d’additif qu’une personne peut ingérer tous les jours de sa vie sans risque appréciable pour sa santé, c’est à dire sans effet secondaire. Elle est en moyenne 100 fois inférieure à la dose pour laquelle on a vu, dans les études toxicologiques, apparaître un risque. La DJA s’exprime en mg/kg de poids corporel. Une DJA de 1 signifie qu’une personne de 60 kg peut absorber une dose de 60 mg par jour sans risque pour sa santé. (D’après la DGCCRF)
Description botanique
Bulnesia sarmienti Lor. est un arbre sauvage de 3 à 4 m (10 à 13 pieds) de haut, répandu dans les bois d’Argentine et dans la région du Gran Chaco au Paraguay. Cette variété donne le vrai gaïac, Guaiacum officinale L., également un arbre originaire d’Amérique tropicale (îles des Caraïbes), pousse à l’état sauvage ou cultivé au Venezuela, en Jamaïque, à Cuba et en Colombie. Cette variété donne une substance résineuse à partir de laquelle une teinture est préparée. Le bois et la sciure de l’arbre sont les pièces utilisées. Le gaïac a une odeur douce et agréable de rose rappelant celle des roses de thé.
L’huile essentielle est obtenue par distillation à la vapeur de bois déchiqueté de B. sormienti avec des rendements d’environ 3%. C’est une masse épaisse, visqueuse, brun orangé avec une odeur boisée rappelant la rose du thé. Parfois, l’huile présente une note fumée. Le principal constituant de l’huile, également connue sous le nom d’huile de bois de champaca, est le gaïol, un alcool sesquiterpénique (85%).
Les dérivés sont l’extrait fluide, la teinture (principalement de G. officinale L.). La teinture est généralement une solution à 10% dans 60% d’éthanol. L’extrait fluide est un liquide brun rougeâtre avec une odeur agréable et un goût brûlant et amer.
Bibliographie
- « Additifs alimentaires, le guide indispensable pour ne plus vous empoisonner » ; Corinne GOUGET, Editions Chariot d’Or, 2013, ISBN 978-2-9118-0669-8. 14e édition de ce best-seller. C. GOUGET s’est fait connaître (et apprécier) tant par son livre que par ses nombreuses apparitions mobilisatrices sur internet (voir notam. youTube).
- « Du poison dans votre assiette ? » ; Cécile Voss, Editions Test-Achats / VSZ, 2000, ISBN 2-930241-18-7.
- « Les additifs alimentaires. Ce que cachent les étiquettes » ; Hélène Barbier Du Vimont, Editions Trédaniel Poche, 2008, ISBN 978-2-84445-860-5.
- «Cancer Mortality and Morbidity Among Rubber Workers.» Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Vol. 61, no. 4, p. 1047-1053.
- 17th report. Toxicological evaluation of some food additives including anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers, and thickening agents. Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 53, 1974. WHO Technical Reports Series, No. 539, 1974; WHO Food Additives Series N.5.
- AFFSA, 2004. Evaluation des risques liés à l‟utilisation du formaldéhyde en alimentation animale. http://www.econologie.info/share/partager2/1292066952xArJ2J.pdf
- Allergy in Practice, By Johannes Ring, page 110
- Allgen LG, Holmberg G, Persson B, Sörbo B, 1979. Biological fate of methenamine in man. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 58, 287-293.
- American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, VOL. 50. NO. 11, (1989). P. 579-585 [AP-O33970]
- AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, VOL. 103, NO. 3, (1976), P. 284-296 [AP-033975]
- AOEC (Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics). 2009. AEOC exposures codes and asthmagen designation.
- ARZNEIM. FORSCH. DRUG. RES., VOL. 39, NO. 11, (1989), P. 1411-1412 [AP-033983]
- Baldermann KH, Rohrborn G, Schroeder TM, 1967. Mutagenicity tests with trypaflavin and hexamethylenetetramine in mammals in vivo and in vitro. Humangenetik, 4(2), 112-26.
- BAuA (Bundesanstalt fur Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), 2008. Risk assessment report on methenamine [CAS No. 100-97-0].
- Berglund, F. (1966) Unpublished report BfR (2006). Schulte A, Bernauer U, Madle S, Mielke H, Herbst U, Richter-Reichhelm H-B, Appel KE, Gundert-Remy U. Assessment of the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde [CAS No. 50-00-0]. Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung.
- Berlin. http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/238/assessment_of_the_ carcinogenicity_of_formaldehyde.pdf Brendel R, 1964. Studies on rats on the tolerance of hexamethylene tetramine. Arzneimittel-Forsch, 14, 51.
- Bretherick, L., Handbook of reactive chemical hazards. 3rd ed. London; Boston : Butterworth-Heinemann. (1985). [RS-415001]
- Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. (1994). Cahill PA, Knight AW, Billinton N, Barker MG, Walsh L, Keenan PO, Williams CV, Tweats DJ, Walmsley RM, 2004. The GreenScreen((R)) genotoxicity assay: a screening validation programme. Mutagenesis, 19(2), 105-119. CICAD (2002).
- Budavari, S. et O’Neil, M., The Merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 11th ed. Rahway ( N.J.) : Merck. (1989). [RM-403001]
- Carcinogenesis, VOL.4, NO. 4, (1983), P. 457-459 [AP-033971]
- Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer (CIRC/OMS) » Monographies
- Chemical Book Inc. – Base de données chimiques et fournisseurs. Les composés chimiques (les additifs en ce qui nous concerne) sont renseignés avec leurs matières premières utilisées ou utilisables (cf. sec° Raw material).
- CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). 2006. CIR Compendium, containing abstracts, discussions, and conclusions of CIR cosmetic ingredient safety assessments. Washington DC.
- CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review). 2006. CIR Compendium, containing abstracts, discussions, and conclusions of CIR cosmetic ingredient safety assessments. Washington DC.
- Codex Alimentarius
- Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 40. Formaldehyde. World Health Organisation. Geneva. CIR, 1992. Final report on the safety assessment of methenamine. Twentieth report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review expert panel. Journal of the American College of Toxicology 11(4), 531-558. Crebelli R, Falcone E, Aquilina G, Carere A, 1984. In vitro mutagenicity of rubber chemicals and their nitrosation products. Toxicology Letters, 23(3), 307-313.
- CPS&Q (Consumer Products Safety & Quality) formely known as ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). 2008. Classification and Labelling: Chemicals: Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC through the 31st ATP.
- DailyMed LICENSE https://www.nlm.nih.gov/copyright.html
- Degussa AG, 1985. Unpublished data. Della Porta G, Cabral JR, Parmiani G, 1970. Transplacental Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies in Rats Treated with Hexamethylenetetramine. Tumori, 56, 325-334. Della Porta G, Colnaghi MI, Parmiani G, 1968. Non-carcinogenicity of hexamethylenetetramine in mice and rats. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 6, 707.
- Demoly P., Portales-Casamar S. CD. ROM Encyclopédique d’Allergologie. Schering-Plough. 2010.
- Dictionnaire pharmaceutique VIDAL » sec° EurêkaSanté (information médicale grand public)
- Dooley JF, Blackburn GR, Schreiner CA, Mackerer CR,1985. Inhibition of the mutagenicity of formaldehyde (HCHO) in the L5178 Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay by formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH) – Application to characterization of mutagenic components. Environmental Mutagenesis, 7, 9-9. Dumitrescu H, 1975. General analysis of common chemical preservatives. Revista de Igiena, Bacteriologie, Virusologie, Parazitologie, Epidemiologie, Pneumoftiziologie: Igiena, 24(3), 187- 191.
- Drevets, C.C. et Seebohm, P.M., «Dermatitis from alcohol.» Journal of Allergy. Vol. 32, no. 4, p. 277-282. (1961). [AP-025612]
- EC (Environment Canada). 1994. Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics (ARET). ARET substance list of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals.
- EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
- EC (Environment Canada). 2008. Domestic Substances List Categorization. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) Environmental Registry.
- Eckel B, Kirchgessner M and Roth FX, 1992. Zum Einfluss von Ameisensäure auf tägliche Zunahmen, Futteraufnahme, Futterverwertung und Verdaulichkeit 1. Mitteilung Untersuchung zur nutritiven Wirksamkeit von organischen Säuren in der Ferkelaufzucht Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 67, 93–100.
- Effect of Prolonged Repeated Exposure to Formaldehyde Donors with Doses Below the EC3 Value on Draining Lymph Node Responses. J Immunotoxicol. 2007 Jul;4(3):239-46. doi: 10.1080/15476910701507967.
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed on a request from the Commission on safety of formaldehyde for poultry as feed additive in accordance with Council Directive 70/524/EEC. The EFSA Journal (2004) 96, 1-5.
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2006. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on the use of formaldehyde as a preservative during the manufacture and preparation of food additives. The EFSA Journal (2006) 415, 1-10
- EFSA Journal 2013;11(12):3496, 263 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3496 European Food Safety Authority, 2014. Endogenous formaldehyde turnover in humans compared with exogenous contribution from food sources. EFSA Journal 2014;12(2):3550, 11 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3550
- EFSA Journal 2014;12(6):3696 35 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011b. Use of the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database in Exposure Assessment. The EFSA Journal, 2011, 34 pp. EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food), 2013. Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of aspartame (E 951) as a food additive.
- EHC (1989) International Programme on Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 89 Formaldehyde – WHO ISBN 92 4 154289 6 http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc89.htm Engst R, Prahl L, Jarmatz E, 1969. Analysis of preservatives. II. Colorimetric methods for the determination of hexamethylenetetramine (formaldehyde), benzoic acid sorbic acid and phydroxybenzoates. Nahrung, 13(5), 417-426.
- EPA, 2006. Reassessemnt of two exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance from hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA; CAS Reg. No. 100-97-0). Health Canada, 1999. List of substances d‟intérêt prioritaire; Rapport d‟ évaluation. Formaldéhyde. http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/94477/publication.html
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) LICENSE Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: « Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/ ». Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page. https://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/legal-notice natamycin https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.803
- European Commission » Health and Consumers » Cosmetics-CosIng
- European Commission. 2013. Cosing, the European Commission database with information on cosmetic substances and ingredients. Accessed on March 1, 2013 at http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cosmetics/cosing/ .
- Evaluation of certain food additives. Sixty-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series, no. 928. Geneva, 8-17 June 2004.
- EWG Assessment of Open Scientific Literature
- FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 38, 1965. WHO Technical Reports Series, No. 309, 1965; WHO Food Additives Series N.38A. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1967. 10th report. Specification for the identity and purity and their toxicological evaluation: some emulsifiers and stabilizers and certain other substances.
- FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 43, 1967. WHO Technical Reports Series, No. 373, 1967. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1970. 13th report. Specification for the identity and purity and their toxicological evaluation: some food colours, emulsifiers, stabilizers, anticaking agents, and certain other substances.
- FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 46, 1970. WHO Technical Reports Series, No. 445, 1970. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1972. 15th report. Toxicological evaluation of some enzymes, modified starches and certain other substances.
- FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 50, 1972.WHO Technical Reports Series, No. 488, 1972. WHO Food Additives Series N.1. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1974.
- FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) 2006. Food Additive Status List. Downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html, Oct 16, 2006.
- FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2008. EAFUS [Everything Added to Food]: A Food Additive Database. FDA Office of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
- FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) LICENSE Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required. https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking
- FDA Drugs LICENSE Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required. https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/about-website/website-policies#linking https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ucm129662.htm
- Food Additives in Europe, 2000. Status of safety assessment of food additives presently permitted in the EU. TemaNord 2002:560. Tierfarm AG, 1969. Unpublished report. Til HP, Woutersen RA, Feron VJ, Hollanders VHM, Falke HE, Clary JJ, 1989. 2-year drinking-water study of formaldehyde in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 27(2), 77-87.
- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 11, 459-462. Hutschenreuter. H. (1956) Z. Lebensmitt. – Untersuch., 104, 161 IARC, 2006. Formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butox-2-propanol. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 88, 2-9. IPCS, 1989. Formaldehyde.
- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, VOL. 11, (1973), P. 459-462 [AP-033972]
- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, VOL. 4, (1966), P. 297-320 [AP-033974]
- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, VOL. 4, (1966), P. 362-363 [AP-O33968]
- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, VOL. 6, (1968), P. 707-715 [AP-033967]
- Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, VOL. 9, (1971), P. 491-500 [AP-033969]
- Formaldehyde – Global Harmonized System (GHS)
- France. Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, Fiche toxicologique no 177 : Hexaméthylènetétramine. Cahiers de notes documentaires. Paris : INRS. (2011). [RE-005509] http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/fichetox.html
http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/fichetox/fiche.html?refINRS=FICHETOX_177 - Furness MB, McDonald PJ, Beasley NV, 1974. Urinary antiseptics in asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnancy. New Zealand Medical Journal, 81, 417-419.
- Ganatra VR, Sawant RM, Chaudhuri NK, Vaidya VN, 1998. Determination of hexamethylene tetramine in the process solution of sol-gel method for nuclear fuel fabrication. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 230(1-2), 323-326.
- Gandelman A, 1967. Methenamine mandelate: Antimicrobial activity in urine andcorrelation with Formaldehyde levels. Journal of Urology, 97, 533-536. Gelfand, 1963. Respiratory allergy due to chemical compounds encountered in the rubber, lacquer , shellac, and beauty culture industries. Journal of Allergy, 34, 374-381.
- Girmanova I, Chalupa I, Sekerka V, 1991. Genotoxicity of Hexamethylenetetramine. Biologia, 46(11), 1009-1015.
- Gleckman R, Alvarez S, Joubert DW, Matthews SJ, 1979. Drug therapy reviews: methenamine mandelate and methenamine hippurate. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 36, 1509-1512.
- Gollamudi R, Straughn AB, Meyer MC, 1981. Urinary excretion of methenamine andformaldehyde: evaluation of 10 methenamine products in humans. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 70, 596- 599.
- Goodman, L. S. et Gilman, A., Goodman and Gilman’s : the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 7th ed. New York : Toronto : Macmillan Pub. Co. ; Collier Macmillan Canada. (1985).
- Greenfield W, Berg R, Moore R, 1969. Determination of urinary formaldehyde following administration of methenamine salts. Clinical Chemistry, 15(12), 1180-5. Haynes WM and Lide DR, 2010. Handbook of chemistry and Physics, 2010-2011, 91st edition. ISBN 978-1-4398-2077-3; pp 3-262 and 16-43. Hurni H and Ohder H, 1973. Reproduction study with formaldehyde hexamethylenetetramine in beagle dogs.
- Hexamine adsorption study on activated carbon from aqueous solutions for application in treatment of hexamine industrial wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology January 2013, 10, 19-26 TemaNord, 2002.
- http://dardel.info/FoodAdditives.html
- http://morriscookies.co.uk/data/documents/Dangerous-Food-Additives-table.pdf
- http://romseyaustralia.com/additiveban.html
- http://www.cosmos-standard-rm.org/verifmp.php
- http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/jecfa_additives/docs/Monograph1/Additive-216.pdf
- http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/detail/en/c/111/
- http://www.foodcanmakeyouill.co.uk/food-additives-and-health-problems.html
- http://www.foodlaw.rdg.ac.uk/additive-list.htm
- http://www.naturopathie-holistique.fr/liste-rouge-des-additifs-alimentaires-(danger)-partie-1-15-104.html
- http://www.omedit-normandie.fr/media-files/8866/biosimilaire-ansm.pdf
- http://www.psychomedia.qc.ca/sante/2013-12-04/substances-toxiques-produits-cosmetiques-hygiene
- http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/ex1026841.html
- https://alternative-vegan.com/wp-content/uploads/LM/additifs-GougetLivre.pdf?utm_source=Artcile&utm_medium=Blog&utm_campaign=ExtraitAdd
- https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/chemical.aspx?chemID=861
- https://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/methenamine-0
- https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=J50OIX95QV&searchdb=all&labeltype=all&sortby=rel&audience=professional&page=1&pagesize=200
- https://dermnetnz.org/topics/food-additives-and-e-numbers/
- https://djamel77100.skyrock.com/129260148-Liste-d-ingredients-interdits-pour-les-musulman-e-s.html
- https://docteurtamalou.fr/additifs-alimentaires-plus-dangereux-sante/
- https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/guaiac%20gum
- https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/name/methenamine
- https://drugs.ncats.io/drug/8O0C852CPO
- https://echa.europa.eu/fr/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.004.990
- https://echa.europa.eu/fr/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.008.058
- https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3898
- https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3696
- https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52002PC0662:FR:HTML
- https://forums.futura-sciences.com/chimie/158000-additifs-alilmentaire.html
- https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9th%C3%A9namine
- https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9th%C3%A9namine
- https://incibeauty.com/en/ingredients/21407-methenamine
- https://noshly.com/additive/241/preservative/241/#.X_9qSehKguE
- https://world-fr.openfoodfacts.org/additif/e241-gomme-gaiac
- https://www.additifs.guide/E241
- https://www.additifs.guide/liste-des-additifs-casher
- https://www.additifs-alimentaires.net/E241.php
- https://www.boulangerienet.fr/bn/bnweb/dt/additif.php
- https://www.canada.ca/fr/environnement-changement-climatique/services/evaluation-substances-existantes/evaluation-prealable-groupe-af-fs.html
- https://www.ceff.info/en/additives/categories?category_id=9&do=categoryDetail
- https://www.cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=FoodSubstances&id=FORMICACID
- https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB7308411.htm
- https://www.csst.qc.ca/prevention/reptox/Pages/fiche-complete.aspx?no_produit=6320
- https://www.csst.qc.ca/prevention/reptox/Pages/fiche-complete.aspx?no_produit=604#ref_770_1
- https://www.csst.qc.ca/prevention/reptox/Pages/fiche-complete.aspx?no_produit=7807
- https://www.dangersalimentaires.com/en/2011/01/les-additifs-alimentaires/
- https://www.drugbank.ca/
- https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=b97cb16a1c77562c16ae2cf08164cdcb&mc=true&node=pt21.3.172&rgn=div5#se21.3.172_1510
- https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=cea6a6f46aae695c22502d74df2b8882&mc=true&node=pt21.2.172&rgn=div5
- https://www.echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/24222797/ec_200-579-1_formic_acid_rmoa_concl_8171_en.pdf/745cf276-1065-fa6f-19f3-72c69d16bc84
- https://www.echa.europa.eu/web/guest/information-on-chemicals/ec-inventory?p_p_id=disslists_WAR_disslistsportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=2&p_p_col_count=3&_disslists_WAR_disslistsportlet_javax.portlet.action=searchDissLists
- https://www.echa.europa.eu/web/guest/information-on-chemicals/ec-inventory?p_p_id=disslists_WAR_disslistsportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=2&p_p_col_count=3&_disslists_WAR_disslistsportlet_javax.portlet.action=searchDissLists
- https://www.fda.gov/media/75758/download
- https://www.femaflavor.org/flavor-library/search?fulltext=guaiac+Gum
- https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers
- https://www.foodnotify.com/en/food-additives/
- https://www.foodpowa.com/additifs-aliments-risque-sante/
- https://www.fourchette-et-bikini.fr/sante/10-additifs-a-bannir-de-son-alimentation-49049.html
- https://www.frc.ch/toujours-trop-dadditifs/
- https://www.gs1.fi/en/content/view/full/29892
- https://www.guidechem.com/dictionary/fr/544-17-2.html
- https://www.les-additifs-alimentaires.com/E241-gomme-gaiac.php
- https://www.lookchem.com/Gum-guaiac/
- https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/explosives/resources/brochures/18389?_ga=2.184988129.917457400.1600360371-1857162776.1600360371
- https://www.orthodiet.org/fr/additifs-alimentaires
- https://www.traditionaloven.com/articles/122/dangerous-food-additives-to-avoid
- https://www.tuscany-diet.net/additives/preservatives/
- https://www.wikiwand.com/fr/R%C3%A9sine_de_ga%C3%AFac
- IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) 2008. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans, as evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-99.
- JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1965. 8th report. Specification for the identity and purity and toxicological evaluation of some antimicrobials and antioxidant.
- JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1998. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Saturated aliphatic acyclic linear primary alcohols, alcohols, aldehydes and acids. WHO Food Additives Series, No 40. Available online: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v040je10.htm Johnson KA and Johnson DE, 1995. Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 2483–2492.
- JECFA, 2004. Report of the 27th session of the Codex Committee on food Additives and Contaminant, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. JECFA, 2005.
- JECFA, 2006. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Report of the 38th session of the Codex Committee on food Additives and Contaminant, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. De Jong CT, De Klerk A, Beek MT, Veenman C, Van Loveren H, 2007.
- Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
- Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) LICENSE Permission from WHO is not required for the use of WHO materials issued under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Intergovernmental Organization (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO) licence.
- Kewitz H and Welsch F, 1966. A Yellow Colored Product from Formaldehyde and Kynurenine in Methenamine Treated Rats. Arch. Pharmak. exp. Path, 254, 101-109.
- Kewitz H, 1966. Unpublished report. Klinge E, Männistö P, Mäntylä R, Lamminsivu U, Ottoila P, 1982. Pharmacokinetics of methenamine in healthy volunteers. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 9, 209-216. Kotter L, Terplan G, Schulz H, 1959. Biological detection of preservatives in foods of animal origin. Archiv fuer Lebensmittelhygiene, 10, 145-152.
- Kovac Kralj, A, 2013. Energy-Efficient Hexamine Production Process. Adv. Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 2 Iss.
- Kovacs AS, Denker P, 1962. Identification and determination of food preservatives in foods. Industrielle Obst- und Gemueseverwertung. 47(1), 1-3.
- Leleu, J., Réactions chimiques dangereuses. Réimp. 1996. Paris : INRS. (1987). www.inrs.fr/dms/inrs/CataloguePapier/ED/TI-ED-697/ed697.pdf
- Lijinsky W and Taylor HW, 1977. Feeding tests in rats on mixtures of nitrite with secondary and tertiary-amines of environmental importance. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 15(4), 269-274.
- Merget R, Topcu M, Friese K, Vormberg R, Fuchs T, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Breitstadt R, 1999. A crosssectional study of workers in the chemical industry with occupational exposure to hexamethylenetetramine. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 72(8), 533-538.
- Metabolism and excretion of formaldehyde, formic acid and hexamethylenetetramine (used as food preservatives; experiments with radioactively labelled compounds). Thesis, Freie Univ., 82 pp. Selvaag E and Thune P, 1994. Photosensitivity reaction to methenamine hippurate. A case report. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 10(6), 259-60. Shimizu H, Suzuki Y, Takemura N, Goto S, Matsushita H, 1985. The results of microbial mutation test for forty-three industrial chemicals.
- Migliore L, Ventura L, Barale R, Loprieno N, Castellino S, Pulci R, 1989. Micronuclei and nuclear anomalies induced in the gastrointestinal epithelium of rats treated with formaldehyde.
- Mutagenesis, 4(5), 327-334. Musher DM, Griffith DP, 1974. Generation of formaldehyde from Methenamine: effect of pH and concentration, and antibacterial effect. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 6, 708-711.
- Natvig H, Andersen J, Rasmussen EW, 1971. A contribution to the toxicological evaluation of hexamethylenetetramine. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 9(4), 491-500.
- NCBI;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/linkout
- NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) LICENSE Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source. https://www.cancer.gov/policies/copyright-reuse Natamycin https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C47634
- New SA, Robins SP, Campbell MK, et al. Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health? Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:142–51. (article complet disponible via le lien)
- NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
- NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2006. HazMap — Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Agents.
- NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2012. PubMed online scientific bibliography data. http://www.pubmed.gov.
- NLM (National Library of Medicine). 2012. PubMed online scientific bibliography data. http://www.pubmed.gov.
- Numéro index 601-042-00-8 dans le tableau 3.1 de l’annexe VI du règlement CE N° 1272/2008 [archive] (16 décembre 2008)
- O’Neil, M.J. et al., The Merck Index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, & biologicals. 15e éd. Cambridge, G.-B. : Royal Society of Chemistry. (2013). [RM-403001] https://www.rsc.org/Merck-Index/
- OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2010. SIDS Initial Assessment Report for SIAM 26. Formic acid and Formates. Paris, France, 15–18 April 2008, 15 pp. Øverland M, Granli T, Kjos NP, Fjetland O, Steien SH and Stokstad M, 2000. Effect of dietary formates on growth performance, carcass traits, sensory quality, intestinal microflora, and stomach alterations in growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 78, 1875–1884.
- Onur F and Acar N, 1992. Simultaneous determination of methylene-blue, hexamethylene tetramine and resorcinol in pharmaceutical formulations by 1st-derivative UV spectrophotometry. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 78(1), 89-91. Orstavik D and Hongslo JK, 1985. Mutagenicity of endodontic sealers. Biomaterials, 6(2), 129-132.
- Oral toxicity of formaldehyde and its derivates, CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 21, 315-328. RTECS, 2005. NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances #MN4725000. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1228.html SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 1977.
- p://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/zh/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FMeetings%252FCX-711-49%252FCRD%252Ffa49%2BCRD%2B22x.pdf
- Pallauf J and Hüter J, 1993. Studies on the influence of calcium formate on growth, digestibility of crude nutrients, nitrogen balance and calcium retention in weaned piglets, testing facility. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 43, 65–76.
- Pandey CK, Agarwal A, Baronia A, Singh N, 2000. Toxicity of ingested formalin and its management. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 19, 360-366.
- Paseiro Losada P, Simal Lozano J, Simal Gandara J, 1989. Study of the identification of food preservatives. Alimentaria, 204, 57-83.
- PATENTSCOPE (WIPO) SID 394920530 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/394920530
- Patt, Rudolf; Kordsachia, Othar; Süttinger, Richard; Ohtani, Yoshito; Hoesch, Jochen F.; Ehrler, Peter; Eichinger, Rudolf; Holik, Herbert; Hamm (2000). « Paper and Pulp ». Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
- Patt, Rudolf; Kordsachia, Othar; Süttinger, Richard; Ohtani, Yoshito; Hoesch, Jochen F.; Ehrler, Peter; Eichinger, Rudolf; Holik, Herbert; Hamm (2000). « Paper and Pulp ». Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a18_545
- Patty, F.A., Patty’s industrial hygiene and toxicology. Vol. 2, 3rd ed. New York : John Wiley & Son. (1978).
- Patty, F.A., Patty’s industrial hygiene and toxicology. Vol. 2, 3rd ed. New York : John Wiley & Son. (1978).
- Plog, B.A., Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Occupational safety and health series, 3rd ed. Chicago, Ill. : National Safety Council. (1988).
- Pohl SA, Caldwell DJ, Lee JT, Coppedge JR, Dunn-Horrocks SL, Stringfellow KD, Jessen K and Farnell MB, 2012. Effects of dietary calcium formate inclusion on broiler performance, skeletal development, and gut maturation. Journal Applied Poultry Research, 21, 311–317.
- Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, O’Connell MA, et al. Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross-sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:1420–8. (article complet disponible via le lien)
- PubChem https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- R. Chalange, « Utilisation du gaïac pour une aide à la détermination des Russules sur le terrain », Bulletin de la société mycologique de France, vol. 130, nos 1-2, 2014, p. 39-55
- Reports from the Scientific Committee for Food (4th series). Opinion expressed 1977. Food science and techniques, 1977. Schlede E, 1966.
- Restani P and Restelli A, 1992. Formaldehyde and hexamethylenetetramine as food additives: chemical interactions and toxicology. Food Additives & Contaminants, 9(5), 597-605. Restani P, Galli CL, 1991.
- Salmonella mutagenicity tests .5. Results from the testing of 311 chemicals. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 19, 2-141.
- Sangyo Igaku, 27(6), 400-19. Siffel C and Czeizel AE, 1995. Study of developmental abnormalities and deaths after human zygote exposure. Mutat Res, 334, 293-300. Smolin, EM and Rapoport, L. “The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds, S-Triazines and derivatives.” Interscience publication, New York, 1959
- Sax, N.I., Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 7th ed. Toronto : Van Nostrand Reinhold. (1989). [RR-014005]
- Strom JG, Jun HW, 1993. Effect of urine pH and ascorbic acid on the rate of conversion of methenamine to formaldehyde. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition, 14, 61-69.
- The Chernoff-Kavlock assay: Its validation and application in rats. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 7, 73-83. Zeiger E, Anderson B, Haworth S, Lawlor T, Mortelmans K, 1992.
- TUMORI, VOL. 56, (1970), P. 325-334 [AP-033973]
- Unpublished report. Meissner, F, Schwiedessen, E. and Othmer, D.F. Shatyski ODF, (1954). Continuous production of hexamethylenetetramine. Ind. Eng. Chem. 46, 724.
- Verschueren, K., Handbook of environmental data on organic chemicals. 2nd ed.. New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.. (c1983).
- Vortrag auf der X. Tagung des Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Beirats der deutschen Fischwirtschaft, Bremen. Malorny G, 1966.
- Vujosevic, M., Zivkovic, S., Fister, S. (1986): In vivo mammalian bone marrow cytogenetic test (chromosomal analysis) – Result of testing UROTOVETR. Acta Vet (Beograd), 36, 91-94 WHO, 2008. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Third Edition, .incorporating first and second addenda. World Health Organisation. Geneva. p. 377b. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/fulltext.pdf?ua=1 Wickramaratne GAS, 1987.
- www.additifs-alimentaires.net