La résine de gaïac est une résine végétale utilisée à des fins alimentaires, thérapeutiques et mycologiques.

La gomme ou résine gaïac est extraite des arbres Guaiacum officinale et Guaiacum santum originaires des régions tropicales et subtropicales des amériques

Ses constituants seraient d’environ 70% d’acides alpha-et bêta-gaïaconiques, environ 11% d’acide guaïacique, de composants apparentés et d’acide gaïarétique, 15% de vanilline, du jaune de gaïac et de la saponine guaïace (guaïacine).

Depuis 2017 la ‘Gomme gaïac’ ou ‘Gomme de gaïac’ (conservateur) n’est plus listée au Codex alimentarius, elle est souvent présentée comme un synonyme de ‘Résine gaïac’ qui subsiste à cette date au Codex comme antioxygène.

En 2017 le Codex alimentarius affecte la résine de gaïac (E)314 aux catégories d’aliments suivantes : Huiles et graisses végétales ; saindoux, suif, huiles de poisson et autres graisses animales ; gomme à mâcher (chewing-gum) ; sauces et produits similaires.

Les Etats-Unis ont une quantité d’additifs alimentaires nettement plus grande que l’Europe (quelques milliers contre quelques centaines).

Autres noms

Francais	Anglais
Gaïacol	guaiacum resin
Gaïacol butyrate	gaiac
Gaïac propionate	guaiac resin
Bois de gaïac (extrait)	gum guaiac
Bois gaïac (huile)	resin guaiac
Acétate de gaïacyl	guaiac wood extract
Isobutyrate de gaïacyl	Guaiacum
Phénylacétate de gaïacyl	gum guaiacum
Gomme gaïac (extrait)	gaiac gum
4-éthylgaiacol
Gomme de gaïac
résine de gayac
gomme de gayac

Fonction et caractéristiques

Rapidement reconnue comme anti-syphilitique, la résine de gaïac est employée comme stimulant et contre le manque d’appétit.

Elle est également utilisée comme additif alimentaire (antioxydant) sous la désignation E241 (gomme de gaïac) comme conservateur et E314 (résine de gaïac) comme antioxydant. Les deux appellations semblent être utilisées indifféremment, néanmoins il est possible que le E241 désigne la résine de gaïac naturelle, et le E314 une résine traitée chimiquement pour donner de la gomme (des résidus chimiques possibles étant listés dans la définition officielle).

CARACTÉRISTIQUES

Grumeaux brunâtres. Mp 85C. Insoluble dans l’eau; soluble dans l’alcool, l’éther, l’acétone, le chloroforme et la soude caustique

Utilisations

Conservateurs

Toxicité

Peu Toxique. Voir la résine gaïac E314

Les risques

Favorise les calculs rénaux.

Effets secondaires

Non connus

RÉSIDUS AUTORISÉS (dits Critères de pureté)

Non connus

Dosage maximum dans les produits transformés

Non connus

CANADA

Liste des agents de conservation autorisés (Listes des additifs alimentaires autorisés) (Canada)

Additifs alimentaires autorisés comme agents de conservation de la catégorie IV

Article	Colonne I	Colonne II	Colonne III
Additifs	Permis dans ou sur	Limites de tolérance
G.1	Résine de gaïac	(1) Graisses et huiles; saindoux; monoglycérides et diglycérides; shortening	(1) Bonnes pratiques industrielles
(2) Aliments non normalisés, [à l’exception des préparations non normalisées dea) viande et sous-produits de viande (Titres 14 et 21);b) poisson; etc) viande de volaille et sous-produits de viande de volaille]	(2) Bonnes pratiques industrielles

Liste des additifs alimentaires autorisés ayant d’autres utilisations acceptées(Canada)

 Non listé

DSL – Liste intérieure des substances (Canada)

Nom de la substance:	Numéro d’identification:
Esters d’acide butyrique et d’alcools de la résine de gaïac	68440-38-0
Résine de gaiac	9000-29-7

Liste des Produits chimiques préoccupants, non règlementé

Résine de gaïac (Gum Guaiacum)

Gomme de gaïac Gomme de guaiacum

ETATS-UNIS

Liste des substances ajoutées aux aliments Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS)

GUAIAC GUM (GUAIACUM SPP.)

CAS Reg. No. (or other ID)*:	9000-29-7
Substance:	GUAIAC GUM (GUAIACUM SPP.)
Other Names:	♦ GUAIAC ♦ GUM GUAIAC ♦ GUAIACUM ♦ GUAIAC GUM ♦ GUAIAC RESIN ♦ GUAIACUM RESIN ♦ GUAIACUM (RESIN) ♦ GUM GUAIACUM ♦ RESIN GUAIAC
Used for (Technical Effect):	ANTIOXIDANT, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT
Food additive and GRAS regulations (21 CFR Parts 170-186):	172.510 175.300 177.1010 181.24

---

*Definitions

• CAS Reg. No. (or other ID): Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number® for the substance or a numerical code assigned by CFSAN to those substances that do not have a CAS Registry Number (977nnn-nn-n series).
• Substance: The name of the ingredient as recognized by CFSAN.
• Used for (Technical Effect): The physical or technical effect(s) the substance has in or on food; see 21 CFR 170.3(o) for definitions.
• 21 CFR: Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
• FEMA No.: The trade association, Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA), has established expert panels to evaluate and make independent determinations on the GRAS status of flavoring substances. The FEMA number is provided here as a reference to FEMA’s GRAS assessments.
  • The GRAS Pub. No. is the FEMA GRAS™ publication number.
  • NLFG is no longer FEMA GRAS™.
  • For more information about FEMA GRAS, see About the FEMA GRAS™ Program <External Link Disclaimer> .
• JECFA: The Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) is an international expert scientific committee that is administered jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). See JECFA Specifications for Flavourings <External Link Disclaimer>

OTC Active Ingredients

Non listé

DrugPortal

Description: Résine de bois de certaines essences de GUAIACUM. Il est utilisé comme réactif clinique pour le sang occulte.

EUROPE

Listé EINECS(European INventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances)

Name	EC no.	CAS no.	Description	Molecular Formula
Guaiacol	201-964-7	90-05-1		C7H8O2	Details
Guaiacum (resin) Extractives and their physically modified derivatives. It is a product which may contain resin acids and their esters, terpenes, and oxidation or polymerization products of these terpenes. (Guaiacum, Zygophyllaceae).	232-535-2	9000-29-7	Extractives and their physically modified derivatives. It is a product which may contain resin acids and their esters, terpenes, and oxidation or polymerization products of these terpenes. (Guaiacum, Zygophyllaceae).		Details
Guaiacum officinale, ext. Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Guaiacum officinale, Zygophyllaceae.	283-494-2	84650-13-5	Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Guaiacum officinale, Zygophyllaceae.		Details
Guaiacum officinale, ext., reaction products with acetic acid and sulfuric acid	309-448-4	100298-95-1			Details
Guaiacum sanctum, ext. Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Guaiacum sanctum, Zygophyllaceae.	294-546-9	91723-40-9	Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Guaiacum sanctum, Zygophyllaceae.		Details
2-methoxy-4-nitrophenol Process related name:   Guaiacol, 4-nitro-	221-839-0	3251-56-7		C7H7NO4	Details
1-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-methoxybenzene Process Related Description:   GUAIACOL-O-ETHYLBROMIDE	402-010-4	4463-59-6	GUAIACOL-O-ETHYLBROMIDE		Details
Bulnesia sarmienti, ext., acetate IUPAC name:   GUAIACWOOD ACETATE	305-067-2	94333-88-7			Details
Guaifenesin IUPAC name:   Guaiacol Glycerol Ether	202-222-5	93-14-1		C10H14O4	Details
Bulnesia sarmienti, ext. Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Bulnesia sarmienti, Zygophyllaceae. Public name:   Guaiacwood Oil	289-632-8	89958-10-1	Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Bulnesia sarmienti, Zygophyllaceae.		Details
Bulnesia sarmienti, ext., sapond. Public name:   Guaiacwood oil saponified	290-792-6	90244-88-5			Details
4-(2-aminoethyl)guaiacol hydrochloride	211-437-3	645-33-0		C9H13NO2.ClH	Details
4-(2-hydroxyethyl)guaiacol	219-175-1	2380-78-1		C9H12O3	Details
4-ethylguaiacol	220-500-4	2785-89-9		C9H12O2	Details
5-(2-aminoethyl)guaiacol hydrochloride	216-035-1	1477-68-5		C9H13NO2.ClH	Details
2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol IUPAC name:   5-Nitroguaiacol	211-269-0	636-93-1		C7H7NO4	Details
Creosote, wood A complex combination of phenols obtained as a distillate from wood tar. IUPAC name:   CREOSOTE FROM BEECHWOOD (MIXTURE OF PHENOL, GUAIACOL, CREOSOL, CRESOLS, XYLENOLS)	232-419-1	8021-39-4	A complex combination of phenols obtained as a distillate from wood tar.		Details

Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA)

Numéro Fema	Nom
FEMA 2531	GUAIAC GUM EXTRACT (GUAIACUM SPP.)
FEMA 2533	GUAIAC WOOD EXTRACT (GUAIACUM OFFICINALE L.; G. SANCTUM L.; BULNESIA SARMIENTI LORENTZ)
FEMA 2534	GUAIAC WOOD OIL (GUAIACUM OFFICINALE L.; G. SANCTUM L.; BULNESIA SARMIENTI LORENTZ)
FEMA 4942	MODIFIED GUAIAC WOOD EXTRACT

Avantages

La résine contient un très bon antioxydant

Source de l’additif

Végétale

Origine

Extrait de la résine d’un arbre, le Guaiacum officinale.

Végétale

Oui

Animale

Non

Minérale

Non

Synthétique

Non

Convient aux régimes

Végétarien	Non	Végétalien	Non	Hallal	Possible	Kosher	Oui
Biologique	Non	Sans gluten	Oui	Sans noix	Oui	Sans œufs	Oui

Autorisé dans les pays suivants

La gomme ou résine gaïac est listée comme additif alimentaire aux Etats-Unis et au canada. Elle n’est pas listée dans l’U.E. et en Australie.

Utilisation restreinte

Country	Status	Matched Term
États-Unis	Matching Terms Not Found

Utilisation interdite

Country	Status	Matched Term
European Union	Not Permitted
Australia and New Zealand	Not Permitted
Philippines	Not Permitted
Autriche	Not Permitted
Belgique	Not Permitted
Bulgarie	Not Permitted
Chypre	Not Permitted
République tchèque	Not Permitted
Danemark	Not Permitted
Estonie	Not Permitted
Finlande	Not Permitted
France	Not Permitted
Allemagne	Not Permitted
Grèce	Not Permitted
Hongrie	Not Permitted
Irlande	Not Permitted
Italie	Not Permitted
Lettonie	Not Permitted
Lituanie	Not Permitted
Luxembourg	Not Permitted
Malte	Not Permitted
Pays-Bas	Not Permitted
Pologne	Not Permitted
Portugal	Not Permitted
Roumanie	Not Permitted
Slovaquie	Not Permitted
Slovénie	Not Permitted
Espagne	Not Permitted
Suède	Not Permitted
Royaume-Uni	Not Permitted
Australie	Not Permitted
Nouvelle-Zélande	Not Permitted

Spécification technique

D’aspect brun verdissant à la lumière, elle est soluble dans l’éthanol, l’éther, l’acétone et le chloroforme, mais pas dans l’eau. Elle est composée à environ 70% d’acides alpha- et beta-guaïaconiques. En présence d’une solution de peroxyde d’hydrogène diluée, l’acide gaïaconique (également appelé furoguaiacine) contenu dans la résine est oxydé en « bleu de gaïac ».

• CAS  9000-01-5
• EINECS Number: 201-964-7
• UNII; 570858Q4NE

Additifs similaires

Conservateurs	Conservateurs	Conservateurs	Conservateurs
E202	E220	E250	E211
Sorbate de potassium	Dioxyde de soufre	Nitrite de sodium	Benzoate de sodium

Ou peut-on retrouvé

CANADA

• Graisses
• Huiles
• Saindoux; monoglycérides et diglycérides
• Shortening
• Aliments non normalisés, [à l’exception des préparations non normalisées de

• viande et sous-produits de viande (Titres 14 et 21);
• poisson; et
  • viande de volaille et sous-produits de viande de volaille]

ETATS UNIS

Tous les aliments sans limitation tel que;

• Antioxydants
• Substances aromatisantes naturelles et substances naturelles utilisées en association avec des arômes.
• Substances à utiliser comme composants de revêtements résineux et polymères.
• Substances à utiliser comme composants de base des surfaces en contact avec les aliments à usage unique et répété tel que; Acrylique et plastiques acryliques modifiés, semi-rigides et rigides.

Exemple de catégories de produits alimentaires transformés contenant l’additif

• Chewing-gum ; antioxydant

Autres applications non alimentaires

Cosmétiques et soins de la peau

• Utilisations cosmétiques: agents parfumants conditionnement de la peau

Pharmaceutique

• Réactif clinique (sang ou hémoglobine)

Autres informations

DJA : Dose journalière admissible.   [Angl. : Acceptable Daily Intake ou ADI]   C’est la dose d’additif qu’une personne peut ingérer tous les jours de sa vie sans risque appréciable pour sa santé, c’est à dire sans effet secondaire. Elle est en moyenne 100 fois inférieure à la dose pour laquelle on a vu, dans les études toxicologiques, apparaître un risque. La DJA s’exprime en mg/kg de poids corporel. Une DJA de 1 signifie qu’une personne de 60 kg peut absorber une dose de 60 mg par jour sans risque pour sa santé. (D’après la DGCCRF)

Description botanique

Bulnesia sarmienti Lor. est un arbre sauvage de 3 à 4 m (10 à 13 pieds) de haut, répandu dans les bois d’Argentine et dans la région du Gran Chaco au Paraguay. Cette variété donne le vrai gaïac, Guaiacum officinale L., également un arbre originaire d’Amérique tropicale (îles des Caraïbes), pousse à l’état sauvage ou cultivé au Venezuela, en Jamaïque, à Cuba et en Colombie. Cette variété donne une substance résineuse à partir de laquelle une teinture est préparée. Le bois et la sciure de l’arbre sont les pièces utilisées. Le gaïac a une odeur douce et agréable de rose rappelant celle des roses de thé.

L’huile essentielle est obtenue par distillation à la vapeur de bois déchiqueté de B. sormienti avec des rendements d’environ 3%. C’est une masse épaisse, visqueuse, brun orangé avec une odeur boisée rappelant la rose du thé. Parfois, l’huile présente une note fumée. Le principal constituant de l’huile, également connue sous le nom d’huile de bois de champaca, est le gaïol, un alcool sesquiterpénique (85%).

Les dérivés sont l’extrait fluide, la teinture (principalement de G. officinale L.). La teinture est généralement une solution à 10% dans 60% d’éthanol. L’extrait fluide est un liquide brun rougeâtre avec une odeur agréable et un goût brûlant et amer.

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